Disease and Its Causes | Page 2

ACT AS PHAGOCYTES.--THE MACROPHAGES.--THE MICROPHAGES.--CHEMOTROPISM.--THE HEALING OF INFLAMMATION.--THE REMOVAL OF THE CAUSE.--CELL REPAIR AND NEW FORMATION.--NEW FORMATION OF BLOOD VESSELS.--ACUTE AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION.--THE APPARENTLY PURPOSEFUL CHARACTER OF THE CHANGES IN INFLAMMATION 79


CHAPTER V
INFECTIOUS DISEASES.--THE HISTORICAL IMPORTANCE OF EPIDEMICS OF DISEASE.--THE LOSSES IN BATTLE CONTRASTED WITH THE LOSSES IN ARMIES PRODUCED BY INFECTIOUS DISEASES.--THE DEVELOPMENT OF KNOWLEDGE OF EPIDEMICS.--THE VIEWS OF HIPPOCRATES AND ARISTOTLE.--SPORADIC AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES.--THE THEORY OF THE EPIDEMIC CONSTITUTION.--THEORY THAT THE CONTAGIOUS MATERIAL IS LIVING.--THE DISCOVERY OF BACTERIA BY LOEWENHOECK IN 1675.--THE RELATION OF CONTAGION TO THE THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION.--NEEDHAM AND SPALLANZANI.--THE DISCOVERY OF THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE IN 1605.--THE PROOF THAT A LIVING ORGANISM IS THE CAUSE OF A DISEASE.--ANTHRAX.--THE DISCOVERY OF THE ANTHRAX BACILLUS IN 1851.--THE CULTIVATION OF THE BACILLUS BY KOCH.--THE MODE OF INFECTION.--THE WORK OF PASTEUR ON ANTHRAX.--THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DISEASE 97


CHAPTER VI
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORGANISMS WHICH CAUSE DISEASE.--BACTERIA SIZE SHAPE STRUCTURE CAPACITY FOR GROWTH MULTIPLICATION AND SPORE INFORMATION.--THE ARTIFICIAL CULTIVATION OF BACTERIA.--THE IMPORTANCE OF BACTERIA IN NATURE.--VARIATIONS IN BACTERIA.--SAPROPHYTIC AND PARASITIC FORMS.--PROTOZOA.--STRUCTURE MORE COMPLICATED THAN THAT OF BACTERIA.--DISTRIBUTION IN NATURE.--GROWTH AND MULTIPLICATION.--CONJUGATION AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION.--SPORE FORMATION.--THE NECESSITY FOR A FLUID ENVIRONMENT.--THE FOOD OF PROTOZOA.--PARASITISM.--THE ULTRA MICROSCOPIC OR FILTERABLE ORGANISMS.--THE LIMITATION OF THE MICROSCOPIC.--PORCELAIN FILTERS TO SEPARATE ORGANISMS FROM A FLUID.--FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE PRODUCED BY AN ULTRA MICROSCOPIC ORGANISM.--OTHER DISEASES SO PRODUCED.--DO NEW DISEASES APPEAR? 116


CHAPTER VII
THE NATURE OF INFECTION.--THE INVASION OF THE BODY FROM ITS SURFACES.--THE PROTECTION OF THESE SURFACES.--CAN BACTERIA PASS THROUGH AN UNINJURED SURFACE?.--INFECTION FROM WOUNDS.--THE WOUNDS IN MODERN WARFARE LESS PRONE TO INFECTION.--THE RELATION OF TETANUS TO WOUNDS CAUSED BY THE TOY PISTOL.--THE PRIMARY FOCUS OR ATRIUM OF INFECTION.--THE DISSEMINATION OF BACTERIA IN THE BODY.--THE DIFFERENT DEGREES OF RESISTANCE TO BACTERIA SHOWN BY THE VARIOUS ORGANS.--MODE OF ACTION OF BACTERIA.--TOXIN PRODUCTION.--THE RESISTANCE OF THE BODY TO BACTERIA.--CONFLICT BETWEEN PARASITE AND HOST.--ON BOTH SIDES MEANS OF OFFENSE AND DEFENSE.--PHAGOCYTOSIS.--THE DESTRUCTION OF BACTERIA BY THE BLOOD.--THE TOXIC BACTERIAL DISEASES.--TOXIN AND ANTITOXIN.--IMMUNITY.-- THE THEORY OF EHRLICH 135


CHAPTER VIII
SECONDARY TERMINAL AND MIXED INFECTIONS.--THE EXTENSION OF INFECTION IN THE INDIVIDUAL.--TUBERCULOSIS.--THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS.--FREQUENCY OF THE DISEASE.--THE PRIMARY FOCI.--THE EXTENSION OF BACILLI.--THE DISCHARGE OF BACILLI FROM THE BODY.--INFLUENCE OF THE SEAT OF DISEASE ON THE DISCHARGE OF BACILLI.--THE INTESTINAL DISEASES.--MODES OF INFECTION.--INFECTION BY SPUTUM SPRAY.--INFECTION OF WATER SUPPLIES.--EXTENSION OF INFECTION BY INSECTS.--TRYPANASOME DISEASES.--SLEEPING SICKNESS.--MALARIA.--THE PART PLAYED BY MOSQUITOES.--PARASITISM IN THE MOSQUITO.--INFECTION AS INFLUENCED BY HABITS AND CUSTOMS.--HOOKWORM DISEASE.--INTERRELATION BETWEEN HUMAN AND ANIMAL DISEASES.--PLAGUE.--PART PLAYED RATS IN TRANSMISSION.--THE PRESENT EPIDEMIC OF PLAGUE 159


CHAPTER IX
DISEASE CARRIERS.--THE RELATION BETWEEN SPORADIC CASES OF INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND EPIDEMICS.--SMALLPOX.--CEREBROSPINAL MENINGITIS.--POLYOMYELITIS.--VARIATION IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INDIVIDUALS.--CONDITIONS WHICH MAY INFLUENCE SUSCEPTIBILITY.--RACIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY.--INFLUENCE OF AGE AND SEX.--OCCUPATION AND ENVIRONMENT.--THE AGE PERIOD OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 185


CHAPTER X
INHERITANCE AS A FACTOR IN DISEASE.--THE PROCESS OF CELL MULTIPLICATION.--THE SEXUAL CELLS DIFFER FROM THE OTHER CELLS OF THE BODY.--INFECTION OF THE OVUM.--INTRAUTERINE INFECTION.--THE PLACENTA AS A BARRIER TO INFECTION.--VARIATIONS AND MUTATIONS.--THE INHERITANCE OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DISEASE.--THE INFLUENCE OF ALCOHOLISM IN THE PARENTS ON THE DESCENDANTS.--THE HEREDITY OF NERVOUS DISEASES.--TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE BY THE FEMALE ONLY.--HEMOPHILIA.--THE INHERITANCE OF MALFORMATIONS.--THE CAUSES OF MALFORMATIONS.--MATERNAL IMPRESSIONS HAVE NO INFLUENCE.--EUGENICS 197


CHAPTER XI
CHRONIC DISEASES.--DISEASE OF THE HEART AS AN EXAMPLE.--THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE HEART.--THE ACTION OF THE VALVES.--THE PRODUCTION OF HEART DISEASE BY INFECTION.--THE CONDITIONS PRODUCED IN THE VALVES.--THE MANNER IN WHICH DISEASE OF THE VALVES INTERFERES WITH THEIR FUNCTION,--THE COMPENSATION OF INJURY BY INCREASED ACTION OF HEART.--THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE HEART.--THE RESULT OF IMPERFECT WORK OF THE HEART.--VENOUS CONGESTION.--DROPSY.--CHRONIC DISEASE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.--INSANITY.--RELATION BETWEEN INSANITY AND CRIMINALITY.--ALCOHOLISM AND SYPHILIS FREQUENT CAUSES OF INSANITY.--THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT CAUSES OF NERVOUS DISEASES.--THE RELATION BETWEEN SOCIAL LIFE AND NERVOUS DISEASES.--FUNCTIONAL AND ORGANIC DISEASE.--NEURASTHENIA 219


CHAPTER XII
THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICINE IN THE LAST FIFTY YEARS.--THE INFLUENCE OF DARWIN.--PREVENTIVE MEDICINE.--THE DISSEMINATION OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE.--THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONDITIONS IN RECENT YEARS WHICH ACT AS FACTORS OF DISEASE.--FACTORY LIFE.--URBAN LIFE.--THE INCREASE OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PEOPLES.--THE INTRODUCTION OF PLANT PARASITES.--THE INCREASE IN ASYLUM LIFE.--INFANT MORTALITY.--WEALTH AND POVERTY AS FACTORS IN DISEASE 241
GLOSSARY 250
INDEX 252

DISEASE AND ITS CAUSES


CHAPTER I
DEFINITION OF DISEASE.--CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING MATTER.--CELLS AS THE LIVING UNITS.--AMOEBA AS TYPE OF A UNICELLULAR ANIMAL.--THE RELATION OF LIVING MATTER TO THE ENVIRONMENT.--CAPACITY OF ADAPTATION TO THE ENVIRONMENT SHOWN BY LIVING MATTER--INDIVIDUALITY OF LIVING MATTER.--THE CAUSES OF DISEASE.--EXTRINSIC.--THE RELATION OF THE HUMAN BODY TO THE ENVIRONMENT.--THE SURFACES OF THE BODY.--THE INCREASE OF SURFACE BY GLAND FORMATION.--THE REAL INTERIOR OF THE BODY REPRESENTED BY THE VARIOUS STRUCTURES PLACED BETWEEN THE SURFACES.--THE FLUIDS OF THE BODY.--THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.--THE HEART AND BLOOD-VESSELS.--THE CELLS OF THE BLOOD.--THE DUCTLESS GLANDS.
There is great difficulty, in the case of a subject so large and complex as is disease, in giving a definition which will be accurate and comprehensive. Disease may be defined as "A change produced in living things in consequence of which they are no longer in harmony with their environment." It is evident that this conception