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bread these young men have
whatever they may kill in the chase, or failing that, nasturtium like the
boys. And if one should ask how they can enjoy the meal with
nasturtium for their only condiment and water for their only drink, let
him bethink himself how sweet barley bread and wheaten can taste to

the hungry man and water to the thirsty. [12] As for the young men
who are left at home, they spend their time in shooting and hurling the
javelin, and practising all they learnt as boys, in one long trial of skill.
Beside this, public games are open to them and prizes are offered; and
the tribe which can claim the greatest number of lads distinguished for
skill and courage and faithfulness is given the meed of praise from all
the citizens, who honour, not only their present governor, but the
teacher who trained them when they were boys. Moreover, these young
men are also employed by the magistrates if garrison work needs to be
done or if malefactors are to be tracked or robbers run down, or indeed
on any errand which calls for strength of limb and fleetness of foot.
Such is the life of the youth. But when the ten years are accomplished
they are classed as grown men. [13] And from this time forth for
five-and-twenty years they live as follows.
First they present themselves, as in youth, before the magistrates for
service to the state wherever there is need for strength and sound sense
combined. If an expedition be on foot the men of this grade march out,
not armed with the bow or the light shield any longer, but equipped
with what are called the close-combat arms, a breastplate up to the
throat, a buckler on the left arm (just as the Persian warrior appears in
pictures), and for the right hand a dagger or a sword. Lastly, it is from
this grade that all the magistrates are appointed except the teachers for
the boys. But when the five-and-twenty years are over and the men
have reached the age of fifty years or more, then they take rank as
elders, and the title is deserved. [14] These elders no longer go on
military service beyond the frontier; they stay at home and decide all
cases, public and private both. Even capital charges are left to their
decision, and it is they who choose all the magistrates. If a youth or a
grown man breaks the law he is brought into court by the governors of
his tribe, who act as suitors in the case, aided by any other citizen who
pleases. The cause is heard before the elders and they pronounce
judgment; and the man who is condemned is disenfranchised for the
rest of his days.
[15] And now, to complete the picture of the whole Persian policy, I
will go back a little. With the help of what has been said before, the
account may now be brief; the Persians are said to number something
like one hundred and twenty thousand men: and of these no one is by

law debarred from honour or office. On the contrary, every Persian is
entitled to send his children to the public schools of righteousness and
justice. As a fact, all who can afford to bring up their children without
working do send them there: those who cannot must forego the
privilege. A lad who has passed through a public school has a right to
go and take his place among the youths, but those who have not gone
through the first course may not join them. In the same way the youths
who have fulfilled the duties of their class are entitled eventually to
rank with the men, and to share in office and honour: but they must
first spend their full time among the youths; if not, they go no further.
Finally, those who as grown men have lived without reproach may take
their station at last among the elders. Thus these elders form a college,
every member of which has passed through the full circle of noble
learning; and this is that Persian polity and that Persian training which,
in their belief, can win them the flower of excellence. [16] And even to
this day signs are left bearing witness to that ancient temperance of
theirs and the ancient discipline that preserved it. To this day it is still
considered shameful for a Persian to spit in public, or wipe the nose, or
show signs of wind, or be seen going apart for his natural needs. And
they could not keep to this standard unless they were accustomed to a
temperate diet, and were trained to exercise and toil, so that the
humours of the body were drawn off in