Critical and Historical Essays, vol 2 | Page 5

1833; Horace Walpole, October 1833; Lord Chatham, January
1834; Mackintosh's "History of Revolution," July 1835; Bacon, July
1837; Sir William Temple, October 1838; "Gladstone on Church and
State," April 1839; Clive, January 1840; Ranke's "History of the
Popes," October 1840; Comic Dramatists, January 1841; Lord Holland,
July 1841; Warren Hastings, October 1841; Frederick the Great, April
1842; Madame D'Arblay, January 1843; Addison, July 1843; Lord
Chatham (2nd Art.), October 1844.
History of England, vols. i. and ii., 1848; vols. iii. and iv., 1855; vol. v.,
Ed. Lady Trevelyan, 1861; Ed. 8 vols., 1858-62 (Life by Dean Milman);
Ed. 4 vols., People's Edition, with Life by Dean Milman, 1863-4;
Inaugural Address (Glasgow), 1849; Speeches corrected by himself,
1854 (unauthorized version, 1853, by Vizetelly); Miscellaneous

Writings, 2 vols. 1860 (Ed. T. F. Ellis). These include poems, lives
(Encyclo. Britt. 8th ed.), and contributions to Quarterly Magazine, and
the following from Edinburgh Review:
Dryden, January 1828; History, May 1828; Mill on Government,
March 1829; Westminster Reviewer's Defence of Mill, June 1829;
Utilitarian Theory of Government, October 1829; Sadler's "Law of
Population," July 1830; Sadler's "Refutation Refuted," January 1831
Mirabeau, July 1832; Barere, April 1844.
Complete Works (Ed. Lady Trevelyan), 8 vols., 1866.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE
Sir G.0. Trevelyan: The Life and Letters Of Lord Macaulay (2 vols.
8vo., 1876, 2nd ed. with additions, 1877, subsequent editions 1878 and
1881).
J. Cotter Morison: Macaulay [English Men of Letters], (1882).
Mark Pattison : Art. "Macaulay" in Encyclopaedia Britannica.
Leslie Stephen: Hours in a Library [new ed. 1892], ii. 243-376. Art.
"Macaulay" in Dictionary of National Biography.
Frederic Harrison: Macaulay's Place in Literature (1894). Studies in
Early Victorian Literature, chap. iii. (1895).
G. Saintsbury: Corrected Impressions, chaps. ix. x. (189,5). A History
of Nineteenth Century Literature, pp. 224-232 (1896).
P. Oursel: Les Essais de Lord Macaulay (1882).
D.H. Macgregor: Lord Macaulay (1901).
Sir R.C. Jebb: Macaulay (1900).
F.C. Montague. Macaulay's Essays (3 vols. 1901).

A. J. G. August 1907.

HALLAM (September 1828)
The Constitutional History of England, from the Accession of Henry
VII. to the Death of George II. By HENRY HALLAM. In 2 vols. 1827
History, at least in its state of ideal perfection, is a compound of poetry
and philosophy. It impresses general truths on the mind by a vivid
representation of particular characters and incidents. But, in fact, the
two hostile elements of which it consists have never been known to
form a perfect amalgamation; and at length, in our own time, they have
been completely and professedly separated. Good histories, in the

proper sense of the word, we have not. But we have good historical
romances, and good historical essays. The imagination and the reason,
if we may use a legal metaphor, have made partition of a province of
literature of which they were formerly seized per my et per tout; and
now they hold their respective portions in severalty, instead of holding
the whole in common.
To make the past present, to bring the distant near, to place us in the
society of a great man or on the eminence which overlooks the field of
a mighty battle, to invest with the reality of human flesh and blood
beings whom we are too much inclined to consider as personified
qualities in an allegory, to call up our ancestors before us with all their
peculiarities of language, manners, and garb, to show us over their
houses, to seat us at their tables, to rummage their old-fashioned
ward-robes, to explain the uses of their ponderous furniture, these parts
of the duty which properly belongs to the historian have been
appropriated by the historical novelist. On the other hand, to extract the
philosophy of history, to direct on judgment of events and men, to trace
the connection of cause and effects, and to draw from the occurrences
of former time general lessons of moral and political wisdom, has
become the business of a distinct class of writers.
Of the two kinds of composition into which history has been thus
divided, the one may he compared to a map, the other to a painted
landscape. The picture, though it places the country before us, does not
enable us to ascertain with accuracy the dimensions, the distances, and
the angles. The map is not a work of imitative art. It presents no scene
to the imagination; but it gives us exact information as to the bearings
of the various points, and is a more useful companion to the traveller or
the general than the painted landscape could be, though it were the
grandest that ever Rosa peopled with outlaws, or the sweetest over
which Claude ever poured the mellow effulgence of a setting sun.
It is remarkable that the practice of separating the two ingredients of
which history is composed has become prevalent on the Continent