Civilization of Renaissance in Italy | Page 3

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Redactor's Note: This version of Burckhardt is from the 2nd edition.
Many later editions were issued, but this is the last with Burckhardt's
own input. Burckhardt received nothing for his labors for this book,
and so it is fitting that it is returned to the public domain. Italics are
preserved and are bracketed by underscores (_).

The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
by Jacob Burckhardt

Table of Contents Part One: The State as a Work of Art 1-1
Introduction 1-2 Despots of the Fourteenth Century 1-3 Despots of the
Fifteenth Century 1-4 The Smaller Despotisms 1-5 The Greater
Dynasties 1-6 The Opponents of the Despots 1-7 The Republics:
Venice and Florence 1-8 Foreign Policy 1-9 War as a Work of Art 1-10
The Papacy 1-11 Patriotism Part Two: The Development of the
Individual 2-1 Personality 2-2 Glory 2-3 Ridicule and Wit Part Three:
The Revival of Antiquity 3-1 Introductory 3-2 The Ruins of Rome 3-3
The Classics 3-4 The Humanists 3-5 Universities and Schools 3-6
Propagators of Antiquity 3-7 Epistolography: Latin Orators 3-8 The
Treatise, and History in Latin 3-9 Antiquity as the Common Source
3-10 Neo-Latin Poetry 3-11 Fall of the Humanists in the Sixteenth
Century Part Four: The Discovery of the World and of Man 4-1
Journeys of the Italians 4-2 The Natural Sciences in Italy 4-3 Discovery
of the Beauty of the Landscape 4-4 Discovery of Man 4-5 Biography in
the Middle Ages 4-6 Description of the Outward Man 4-7 Description
of Human Life Part Five: Society and Festivals 5-1 Equality of Classes
5-2 Costumes and Fashions 5-3 Language and Society 5-4 Social
Etiquette 5-5 Education of the 'Cortigiano' 5-6 Music 5-7 Equality of
Men and Women 5-8 Domestic Life 5-9 Festivals Part Six: Morality
and Religion 6-1 Morality and Judgement 6-2 Morality and Immorality
6-3 Religion in Daily Life 6-4 Strength of the Old Faith 6-5 Religion
and the Spirit of the Renaissance 6-6 Influence of Ancient Superstition
6-7 General Spirit of Doubt
THE CIVILIZATION OF THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY
By Jacob Burckhardt
Translated by S. G. C. Middlemore, 1878

Part I
THE STATE AS A WORK OF ART
INTRODUCTION
This work bears the title of an essay in the strictest sense of the word.
No one is more conscious than the writer with what limited means and
strength he has addressed himself to a task so arduous. And even if he
could look with greater confidence upon his own researches, he would
hardly thereby feel more assured of the approval of competent judges.
To each eye, perhaps, the outlines of a given civilization present a
different picture; and in treating of a civilization which is the mother of
our own, and whose influence is still at work among us, it is
unavoidable that individual judgement and feeling should tell every
moment both on the writer and on the reader. In the wide ocean upon
which we venture, the possible ways and directions are many; and the