Christianity and Islam in Spain

Christianity and Islam in Spain

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(756-1031)
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Title: Christianity and Islam in Spain (756-1031)
Author: Charles Reginald Haines
Release Date: March 5, 2005 [EBook #15262]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM IN SPAIN
A.D. 756-1031

C.R. HAINES, M.A.
AUTHOR OF "ENGLAND AND THE OPIUM TRADE";
"EDUCATION AND MISSIONS"; "VERSIONS IN VERSE."
LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH &CO., PATERNOSTER SQUARE
1889
[Note: While there is only one Chapter IX in the Table of Contents,
there are two in text. I believe the first was meant to be part of

Chapter VIII.
]
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
Invasion of Spain by the barbarians--Its easy conquest--Quarrels among
the conquerors--Departure of the Vandals--Visigoths gain the
supremacy--Conflict with Eastern Empire--Reduction of the Suevi--All
Spain becomes Gothic--Approach of Saracens--Planting of Christianity
in Spain--St James--Gospel first preached at
Elvira--Irenaeus--Persecutions--Martyrs--Council of Elvira--Council of
Nice--Number of Christians--Paganism
proscribed--Julian--Arianism--Ulphilas--Conversion of
barbarians--Degeneracy of religion--Priscillian--His heresy
condemned--Priscillian burnt--Paganism, in Spain--The Gothic
Government--Church and State--Power of king--Election of
bishops--Arianism of Goths--Ermenegild--Bigotry in

Spain--Jews--Influence of clergy--Of the pope 1-11

CHAPTER II.
Period of Gothic rule--Degeneracy of Goths--Causes of their
fall--Battle of Guadalete--Resistance of towns--Theodomir--Remnant
in the North--Mohammedanism--Its rise and progress--Reduction of
Africa--Siege of Constantinople--Attacks on Spain--Tarif--Arabs in
Gaul--Anarchy in Spain--Christians in the North--Clemency of the
Arabs--Treaties--Conquest easy--Rhapsodies of
Isidore--Slaves--Jews--Impartiality of Arab governors--Khalifate
established--Feuds of Arabs and Berbers--Revolt of Berbers--Syrian
Arabs--Settlement of Arabs--Effect of Berber wars 11-25

CHAPTER III.
Landing of Abdurrahman--Khalifate of Cordova--Condition of
Christians--Proselytism--Apostates--Arabs and Spaniards--Evidence of
Christian writers--Condition of the people--Serfs--No revolts--No
solidarity with the Christians in the North--Relations with Arabs at first
friendly--The jehad in Spain--Martyrs in battle--Fabulous
martyr--Anambad, first martyr--Peter of Najuma--No other till
824--John and Adulphus--Causes of Martyrdoms--Amalgamation of
the two peoples--Intermarriage--Children of mixed parents--Nunilo and
Alodia--Mania for martyrdom--Voluntary martyrdoms--The Spanish
confessors--Threatened deterioration in the Church--Christianity
infected with Moslem customs--Religious fervour in
convents--Fanaticism, of monks--Fresh martyrs--Perfectus, John,
Isaac--Arab inability to understand the motives of these
martyrs--Causes of fanaticism--Sanctus--Peter--Walabonsus, etc 25-40

CHAPTER IV.
Flora and Maria--Their adventures--Trial--Meet Eulogius in
prison--Their execution--Other martyrs--Hidden Christians--Aurelius,
Sabigotha, etc--Plan for procuring martyrdom--Miracle in
prison--Execution--Other martyrs--Death of Abdurrahman
II.--Mohammed I.--Martyrs--Prodigy upon their execution--Outrage in
a mosque--Punishment of offenders--Apprehension of king--Meditates
a persecution--Even a massacre--Series of martyrdoms--Cloister of
Tabanos suppressed--Columba, Pomposa--Abundius a true
martyr--Others martyred--Censor of Cordova--Persecution and death of
Ruderic--Eulogius--Parentage and antecedents--Opposes amalgamation
of Arabs and Christians--Encourages learning of
Latin--Imprisonment--Elected Bishop of Toledo--Again
imprisoned--Trial--Execution--His relics 40-54

CHAPTER V.
Doubtful martyrs--No persecution raging--The Muzarabes--Churches in
Cordova--Arab description of a church--Monasteries outside the
city--Voluntary martyrs, chiefly from Cordova--No ferment at
Elvira--Enthusiasts not a large body--Their leaders--The moderate
party--Objections against the martyrs--Voluntary martyrdoms
forbidden by the Church--Answer of apologists--Evidence as to
persecution--Apologists inconsistent--Eulogius and Alvar--Reviling of
Mohammed--Martyrs worked no miracles--Defence of apologists
illogical--Martyrs put to death not by idolaters--Death without
torture--Their bodies corrupted--Moslem taunts--Effect of martyrdoms
on the Moslems--Prohibition of relics--Traffic in relics--They work
miracles--Relics taken from Spain to France--Expedition of monks for
that purpose--St Vincent's body--Relics of George, Aurelius, etc.,
carried off--Return to France--Measures of the moderate party--Of the
Moslems--Reccafredus--supported by the majority of
Christians--Fanatics coerced--Anathematized--Action of king--Suspects
political movement--Revolt at Toledo--Grand Council--Measures

against zealots--Meditated persecution--The extreme party broken
up--Apostasies--Reason of these--The exceptor Gomez--The decision
of the Council--Cessation of martyrdoms 54-73

CHAPTER VI.
National party--Revolt of Spaniards against Arabs--Martyrs in
battle--Martyrdoms under Abdurrahman III.--Pelagius--Argentea--The
monks of Cardena--Eugenia--No real persecution under the Great
Khalif--General view of Christian Church in Spain under Abdurrahman
II.--Civil position of Christians--Councils--Neglect of Latin--Arabic
compulsory--Protests of Alvar, etc.--Latin forgotten--Cultivation of
Moslem learning--Moslem theology--Church abuses--Simony--Breach
of canons--Unworthy priests--Rival pastors--Heresy in the
Church--Depravity of clergy--Their apostasy--Their
deposition--Muzarabes--Free Christians in the North--The Church in
the North--Its dangerous position--Cut short by Almanzor--Clergy
oppress Christians--Count of Cordova--Ill-treats the
Christians--Councils--Held by Elipandus--By Reccafredus--By
Hostegesis--Jews and Moslems summoned--Council held by Basilius
73-86

CHAPTER VII.
Khalifate saved by Abdurrahman III.--Commander of the Faithful--His
character--Embassy to the Emperor of the West--Return embassy--John
of Gorz--Detained in Cordova--Messengers from the king--Cause of
detention--John of Gorz and John of Cordova--The king's
threats--Dead-lock--Fresh embassy to Otho--A second embassy from
Otho--First embassy received--Condescension of Sultan--Tolerance of
Moslems--Mohammed's injunctions--Tolerant Mohammedan rulers
elsewhere--Alcuin--Arnold of Citeaux--Bernard, Archbishop of
Toledo--Christians tolerated, even encouraged--"Officer of

protection"--Christian courts--Censors--Sclavonian bodyguard--Arab
pride of race--Partial Amalgamation of races--Alliances between Arabs
and Christians--Intermarriages--Offspring of these--The maiden
tribute--Evidence in its favour--No myth--Conversions--Mohammedan
view of apostasy 86-98

CHAPTER VIII.
Arab factions--Berbers--Spaniards--Muwallads--Despised by
Arabs--Revolts at Cordova, &c.--Intrigues with the Franks--Letter of
Louis--Revolt of Toledo--Christians and Muwallads make