Characters and Events of Roman History | Page 5

than those that they obtained without trouble through the efforts of the preceding
generation. It is this little common drama, which we see re-enacted in every family and in
which every one of us has been and will be an actor--to-day as a young radical who
innovates customs, to-morrow as an old conservative, out-of-date and malcontent in the
eyes of the young; a drama, petty and common, which no one longer regards, so frequent

is it and so frivolous it seems, but which, instead, is one of the greatest motive forces in
human history--in greater or less degree, under different forms, active in all times and
operating everywhere. On account of it no generation can live quietly on the wealth
gathered, with the ideas discovered by antecedent generations, but is constrained to create
new ideas, to make new and greater wealth by all the means at its disposal--by war and
conquest, by agriculture and industry, by religion and science. On account of it, families,
classes, nations, that do not succeed in adding to their possessions, are destined to be
impoverished, because, wants increasing, it is necessary, in order to satisfy them, to
consume the accumulated capital, to make debts, and, little by little, to go to ruin.
Because of this ambition, ever reborn, classes renew themselves in every nation. Opulent
families after a few generations are gradually impoverished; they decay and disappear,
and from the multitudinous poor arise new families, creating the new élite which
continues under differing forms the doings and traditions of the old. Because of this
unrest, the earth is always stirred up by a fervour for deeds or adventure--attempts that
take shape according to the age: now peoples make war on each other, now they rend
themselves in revolutions, now they seek new lands, explore, conquer, exploit; again they
perfect arts and industries, enlarge commerce, cultivate the earth with greater assiduity;
and yet again, in the ages more laborious, like ours, they do all these things at the same
time--an activity immense and continuous. But its motive force is always the need of the
new generations, that, starting from the point at which their predecessors had arrived,
desire to advance yet farther--to enjoy, to know, to possess yet more.
The ancient writers understood this thoroughly: what they called "corruption" was but the
change in customs and wants, proceeding from generation to generation, and in its
essence the same as that which takes place about us to-day. The avaritia of which they
complained so much, was the greed and impatience to make money that we see to-day
setting all classes beside themselves, from noble to day-labourer; the ambitio that
appeared to the ancients to animate so frantically even the classes that ought to have been
most immune, was what we call getting there--the craze to rise at any cost to a condition
higher than that in which one was born, which so many writers, moralists, statesmen,
judge, rightly or wrongly, to be one of the most dangerous maladies of the modern world.
Luxuria was the desire to augment personal conveniences, luxuries, pleasures--the same
passion that stirs Europe and America to-day from top to bottom, in city and country.
Without doubt, wealth grew in ancient Rome and grows to-day; men were bent on
making money in the last two centuries of the Republic, and to-day they rush headlong
into the delirious struggle for gold; for reasons and motives, however, and with arms and
accoutrements, far diverse.
As I have already said, ancient civilisation was narrower, poorer, and more ignorant; it
did not hold under its victorious foot the whole earth; it did not possess the formidable
instruments with which we exploit the forces and the resources of nature: but the
treasures of precious metals transported to Italy from conquered and subjugated countries;
the lands, the mines, the forests, belonging to such countries, confiscated by Rome and
given or rented to Italians; the tributes imposed on the vanquished, and the collection of
them; the abundance of slaves,--all these then offered to the Romans and to the Italians so
many occasions to grow rich quickly; just as the gigantic economic progress of the
modern world offers similar opportunities to-day to all the peoples that, by geographical

position, historical tradition, or vigorous culture and innate energy, know how to excel in
industry, in agriculture, and in trade. Especially from the Second Punic War on, in all
classes, there followed--anxious for a life more affluent and brilliant--generations the
more incited to follow the examples that emanated from the great metropolises of the
Orient, particularly Alexandria, which was for the Romans of the Republic what Paris is
for us to-day. This movement, spontaneous, regular, natural, was every now and then
violently accelerated by the conquest of a great Oriental state. One observes, after each
one