Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe | Page 3

des Anglais--Peyrousse-- Les Roches du Tailleur--Trosky--The scolding women--The English not forgotten in Guyenne . . . . . 117-141

CHAPTER VI
CLIFF CASTLES--Continued The difference between feudal castles and those of the Routiers-- Illustration of the character of the nobles--Two Counts of Perigord-- The nobles in Auvergne--"Les grands Jours"--La Roche Saint Christophe-- Surprised and destroyed--Reoccupied by the Huguenots--Final destruction--La Roche Gageac--Its history--Jean Tarde--Ravages of the Huguenots--Gluges--La Roche Lambert--Habichstein--Bürgstein--The spy-- Kronmetz--Covolo--Puxerloch--The shadowless man--Nottingham Castle-- Arrest of Mortimer--Outmost castles--La Grotte de Jioux--Clovis crosses the Vienne--Le Gué du Loir--Antoine de Bourbon--Calvin at Saint Saturnin--His cave--La Roche Corail--Cave in which the "Institute of the Christian Religion" was written--Effects produced by this work --Preparation of men's minds for reform--Havoc wrought to art by the Calvinists--La Rochebrune--A cave-colander--Necessity for outlook stations--Frontier fortifications

CHAPTER VII
SUBTERRANEAN CHURCHES
Basilicas and catacumbal churches--Preference of the people for the latter--The cult of martyrs encouraged this--Crypts--Elevation of relics--Church of SS. John and Paul on the Coelian Hill--Temples were originally sepulchres--Basilican churches converted into mausoleums-- Dedications--Altars of wood changed for altars of stone--At first the bodies of martyrs were not dismembered--But dismemberment was made necessary by the transformation--The Martyrium of Poitiers--S. Emilion --Carvings--Crypt--Aubeterre--A Huguenot stronghold--Orders issued by Jeanne d'Albret--Her extended powers--The monolithic church--Menaced by ruin--Rocamadour--Lirac--Mimet--Caudon--Natural caves used as churches--Gurat--Lanmeur--Story of S. Melor--Dolmen Chapel of the Seven Sleepers--Another at Cangas-de-Ones--Confolens--Subterranean churches in Egypt--In Crete--The sacred caves in Palestine--Revival of cave sanctuaries by the Crusaders--Springs of water in crypts

CHAPTER VIII
ROCK HERMITAGES
Tibetian recluses--Christian hermits in Syria and Egypt--The Essenes and Therapeut?--Description by Philo of the latter--Buddhist and Manich?ean influence--Difference in motive--Likeness superficial-- Possible necessity for the adoption of asceticism--Instance of extravagant asceticism in Syria--Extravagances in Ireland--In England --Early European solitaries--The Beatus H?hle--Grotto of S. Cybard-- Decadence--Hermits in Languedoc--In Germany--A grocer hermit-- Hermitage at S. Maurice--The Wild Kirchlein--The cave of S. Verena at Soleure--That of Magdalen at Freiburg--Oberstein--Hermitage at Brive-- La Sainte Beaume--Sougé--Villiers--Montserrat--Subiaco--La Vernia-- Warkworth--Knaresborough--Robin Hood's stable--Roche--Anchor Church-- Royston cave--Its carvings--Kindly remembrance of the hermit--The hermit a loss

CHAPTER IX
ROCK MONASTERIES
The hermits self-excommunicate--Liability to create a schism--S. Paul-- S. Mary of Egypt--S. Anthony--Enormous number of solitaries compels organisation into monasteries--Causes inducing flight to the desert--S. Athanasius at Trèves--Writes the "Life of S. Anthony"--Impulse given to flight from the world in the West--S. Martin--Desires to imitate the Lives of the Fathers of the Desert--At Poitiers--Founds Ligugé--Rock cells--Later history and ruin--Martin becomes Bishop of Tours--Founds Marmoutier--History and ruin--Martin and the masqueraders--Present state--Baptistry--The Seven Sleepers--Brice elected bishop--Obliged to fly the see--Return and penance--Cave of S. Leobard--Abbey of Brant?me --Underground church--Other caves--"Papists' Holes" at Nottingham--Rock monastery of Meteora--Der el Adra--Inkermann

CHAPTER X
CAVE ORACLES
Polignac--Greek oracles--Charonion--Cave of the Nymphs--Exhalations-- Delos--Care of Trophonios--Experiences of Pausanius--Cave at Acharaca --Sibylline oracles--Destruction--Forged oracles--Oracles among the Jews--Story of Hallbj?rn--Sounds issuing from caves--Echo--?olian cave of Terni--Purgatory of S. Patrick--The Knight Owain--Visit by Sir William Lisle--By a monk of Eymstadt--Prohibited by Alexander VI.-- Prohibition rescinded by Pius III.--Destroyed in 1622--Revival of pilgrimages--Description by Gough--Friar Conrad--Lazarus Aigner-- Roderic, King of the Goths--Sortes Sacr?--Condemned by the Church-- Nevertheless practised--Instances from Gregory of Tours--Incubation in pagan shrines--The cave of Cybele--Temples of Isis and Esculapius-- Churches founded by Constantino dedicated to S. Michael--Incubation practiced in them--Instances--Churches of S. Cosmas and Damian-- Practice at Caerleon--Superstition hard to kill--Grotto of Lourdes

CHAPTER XI
ROBBERS' DENS
Humphrey Kynaston--His adventurous life--Cave at Ness Cliff--Chinamen-- David at Adullam--Bandit caves in Palestine--Lombrive--Surtshellir-- Feruiden's cave--Gargas--La Crouzafce--The haunts of Grettir-- Dunterton--Precautions against burglary--Story of K. F. Masch--His capture--The Leichtweishohle--Adersbach retreats--Babinsky--His capture

CHAPTER XII
BOOK SEPULCHRES
Difference between the tombs of the Israelites and those of the Egyptians--The reason for this--Jewish catacombs at Rome--Christian catacombs--Puticoli--Numerous catacombs--Those of Syracuse--Those of Paris--Crypts became vaults for kings and nobles--Desecration--That of Louis XI.--The instinct of immortality--Cave burials--In the Petit Morin--Scandinavian burials--Death regarded as suspended animation-- Hervor at the cairn of Angantyr--The cairn-breaking of Gest--The barrow of Gunnar--Sigrun visits her husband in his cairn--The story of Asmund and Asvid--The same ideas in Christian times--Mamertinus and Corcodemus--"De Miraculis Mortuorum"--Ancestor worship--Persistence of usages derived from a remote antiquity--Neglect of thought of the dead --Double nature of man--The spiritual world--A walking postman-- Conclusion
INDEX
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
CLIFF CASTLE, BRENGUES CAVE DWELLERS AT DUCLAIR SAULIAC (Photo by GIBMA) GRIOTEAUX LA ROCHEBRUNE SKETCH PLAN OF ROCK STABLE, COMMARQUES PLAN OF ROCK HOLES IN NOTTINGHAM PARK DRAKELOW AUBETERRE PLAN OF THE REFUGE OF CH?TEAU ROBIN THE CH?TEAU OF FAYROLLES CLUSEAU DE FAUROUX LA ROCHE GAGEAC LE PEUCH S. SOUR CAVES OF MESCHERS CAVE REFUGE AT SOULIER DE CHASTEAU LE DéFILé DES ANGLAIS, LOT (Photo by BAUDEL, S. CéRé) CH?TEAU DES ANGLAIS, BRENGUES CH?TEAU DU DIABLE, CABRERETS (EXTERIOR) CH?TEAU DU DIABLE, CABRERETS (INTERIOR) (Photo by BAUDEL, S. CéRé) CORN, LOT (Photo by BAUDEL, S. CéRé) CH?TEAU DES ANGLAIS, AUTOIRE (Photo by BAUDEL, S. CéRé) COVOLO LA ROCHE DU TAILLEUR KRONMETZ THE PUXERLOCH, STYRIA HABICHSTEIN, BOHEMIA ROCK MONASTERY, NOTTINGHAM PARK ROCK MONASTERY, NOTTINGHAM PARK LA ROCHE CORAIL LA ROCHE CORAIL THE FIRST HALL GUé DE LOIR LES ROCHES PLAN OF MARTYRIUM MONOLITHIC CHURCH OF S. EMILION AUBETERRE, CHARENTE, INTERIOR OP