Casa Grande Ruin | Page 5

or two
above the ground surface, rendering the walls at this level softer than

elsewhere, and as this portion is more exposed to the flying sand which
the wind sweeps over the ground it is here that erosion attains its
maximum. The wall is gradually cut away at and just above the ground
surface until finally the base becomes too small to support it and it falls
en masse. Then and not till then surface erosion becomes an important
factor and the profile of the mass becomes finally rounded. But it will
be readily seen that a slight difference of texture, or thickness, or
exposure, or some trifling difference too minute for observation, might
easily add many decades to the apparent age of a mound. The walls
once fallen, however, the rounding or smoothing of the mounds would
probably proceed at an equal rate throughout the group, and study of
the profile gives a fairly good estimate as to the comparative age of the
mounds. On this basis the most ancient mounds are those specified
above, while the most recent are those in the immediate vicinity of the
Casa Grande ruin. This estimate accords well with the limited historical
data and with the Pima traditions, which recount that the Casa Grande
ruin was the last inhabited village in this vicinity.
[Illustration: Fig. 328.--Map of large mound.]
Probably intermediate in time between the Casa Grande ruin and the
rounded mounds described above should be placed the large structure
occupying the northern-central part of the map. This mound is
deserving of more than a passing notice. It consists of two mounds,
each four or five times the size of the Casa Grande ruin, resting on a
flat-topped pedestal or terrace about 5 feet above the general level. The
summits of these mounds, which are nearly flat, are some 13 feet above
this level. The sides of the mounds slope very sharply, and have
suffered somewhat from erosion, being cut by deep gullies, as shown in
figure 328, which is an enlargement from the map. It has been stated
that these structures were mounds, pure and simple, used for sacrifice
or worship, resembling somewhat the well-known pyramid of Cholula;
but there is no doubt that they are the remains of house-structures, for a
careful examination of the surface on the slopes, reveals the ends of
regular walls. The height is not exceptional, the mound on the east
being less than 3 feet lower, while the one on the southeast lacks less
than 4 feet of its height. The characteristic feature, however, and one

difficult to explain, except on the hypothesis stated, is the sharp slope
of the sides. It will be noticed that the raised base or terrace on which
the mounds are located is not perfectly flat, but on the contrary has a
raised rim. This rim seems quite inconsistent with the theory which has
been advanced that the terrace was built up solidly as a terrace or base,
as in that case it would seem natural that the slope from the base of the
mounds to the edge of the terrace would be continuous.
There is an abundance of room between the crest of the rim and the
base of the terrace for a row of single rooms, inclosing a court within
which the main structures stood, or such a court may have been covered,
wholly or partly with clusters of rooms, single storied outside, but
rising in the center, in two main clusters, three or more stories high.
Such an agglomeration of rooms might under certain conditions
produce the result seen here, although a circumscribing heavy wall,
occupying the position of the crest of the rim and inclosing two main
clusters each rising three or more stories, might also produce this result.
The difficulty with the latter hypothesis is, however, that under it we
should expect to find a greater depression between the base of the
mounds and the edge of the terrace. The most reasonable hypothesis,
therefore, is that the space between the base of the mounds and the
edge of the terrace was occupied by rooms of one story. This would
also help to explain the steepness of the slopes of the mounds
themselves. The walls of the structures they represent, being protected
by the adjacent low walls of the one-story rooms, would not suffer
appreciably by undermining at the ground level, and if the central room
or rooms of each cluster were higher than the surrounding rooms, as is
the case in the Casa Grande ruin, the exterior walls, being usually
heavier than the inner walls, would be the last to succumb, the clusters
would be filled up by the disintegration of the inner walls, and not until
the spaces between the low one-story walls surrounding the central
cluster