Capitals | Page 8

are set solid or single-leaded the en-quad will usually be enough space between words especially if the words are short; but for wide-leaded lines and head-lines double spaces (two three-to-em) will be needed. A head-line of round, open capitals may even need em-quad spaces. Wide letter words require wide spaces and words of thin or condensed letters require thin spaces.
[Illustration: UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA
UNITED TYPOTHETAE OF AMERICA]
Words which begin or end with A Y L V W T may need spaces a little less than those with H I M, etc. In small types the inequalities in white space beside or between combinations like L Y A T W and letters with regular shape like H I M N, may not be readily noticed, but in large sizes of capitals these differences are greatly increased and will often make unequal white spaces in a line with uniform metal spaces. In some styles of types a line may need unequal metal spaces in order to space the words evenly.
(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)
[Illustration: TEN MAIL TRAINS]
This line has en-quads between the words, but the forms of L and T make the white space greater than between the first and second words.
[Illustration: TEN MAI'L TRAI'N'S]
This line has an en-quad in first space and three-to-em in the second, with hair-spaces between some letters of the words.
So, also, it will often be necessary to insert pieces of paper, card, or thin leads between the letters of a word in large display, in order to make them evenly spaced, as shown in these examples:
(Marks indicate insertion of spaces.)
[Illustration: PLAINLY PLAI'N'LY UNEVENLY SPACED EVE'N'LY S'PA'C'E'D]
This differential spacing in a line of capitals will also be required in a line having abbreviations or initials. The following line, spaced with en-quads throughout, has unnecessarily wide spaces between the initials:
[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A.?O.?U.?W.]
Spaced with four-to-em in the last three places, it is improved:
[Illustration: JOHN ENDICOTT LODGE, A.?O.?U.?W.]
Capitals used as initials of titles and for other abbreviations, with the accompanying periods, should be thin-spaced or set close together, as shown in the second of these examples:
[Illustration: GEORGE MARKHAM, D.?D., PH. D. GEORGE MARKHAM, D.D., PH.D. JOHN FLINT, M.?D.?V., BOSTON, U.?S.?A. JOHN FLINT, M.D.V., BOSTON, U.S.A.]
Two or more lines of capitals of the same size should be spaced as nearly alike as possible. These three lines are so disproportionately spaced that they are not pleasing:
[Illustration: NORTH END UNION B O S T O N MASSACHUSETTS]
The squaring up is arbitrary and strained. The lines are better like this:
[Illustration: NORTH END UNION BOSTON MASSACHUSETTS]
But if it is necessary to square up lines and no additional words or letters can be inserted the short line may be filled with florets or other characters which should not be bolder than the type itself and should be of a style to harmonize with it as nearly as possible.
[Illustration: NORTH END UNION *** BOSTON *** MASSACHUSETTS]
The extra wide spacing of words set in capitals, as in head-lines and running-heads, should be avoided by the young compositor; there are places where it may be unobjectionable but it will require good judgment and some experience to prevent such lines making the page look freakish or amateurish.
In jobbing, advertisement, and display work, capitals are used more freely than in plain reading matter. In book work the practice is to use capitals more freely than in newspaper composition. A study of the reading columns of daily newspapers will discover that capitals are used very sparingly and words are "kept down" in many cases which in more formal book and pamphlet work would be capitalized.
In advertisements, announcements, and circular letters, words are often capitalized for distinction or emphasis, as in these examples:
Those who win a Second or First Prize through a monthly or special contest become Honor Members of the Guild, and receive the Guild badge without charge.
You are cordially invited to attend the Spring Opening of Suits and Outside Garments for Women, on Wednesday and Thursday, April 28 and 29, in our new Mason Street Annex.
Precise rules for the use of capitals cannot be given for work of all kinds. Their insertion or omission will be governed greatly by the subject matter and the style of treatment desired by the proof-reader or the customer and the compositor's duty will not go further than to maintain some consistency in their use in each piece of work. When he has copy in which capitals are used as in the following example he will be expected either to discard all capitals except at the beginning of the sentences or to capitalize the words as in the second example:
Fifty styles of the Smartest and nobbiest wheel specialties for ponies and Small horses, Pony carts, light horse novelties, traps, wagons, Harness, Saddles, etc.
Fifty Styles of the Smartest and Nobbiest Wheel Specialties for Ponies and Small