Artificial Intelligence | Page 4

a
representation language. In 1967, the Dend ral program (Feigenbaum, Lederberg,
Buchanan, Sutherland at Stanford) was demonstrated which could
interpret mass spectra
on organic chemical compounds. This was the first successful knowledge-based program
for scientific reasoning. In 1969 the SR I robot, Shakey, demonstrated combining
locomotion, perception and problem solving.

The years from 1969 to 1979 marked the early development of knowledge-based systems
In 1974: MYCIN demonstrated the power of rule-based systems for knowledge
representation and inference in medical dia gnosis and therapy. Knowledge representation
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schemes were developed. These included frames developed by Minski. Logic based
languages like Prolog and Planner were developed.

In the 1980s, Lisp Machines developed and marketed.
Around 1985, neural networks return to popularity
In 1988, there was a resurgence of probabilis tic and decision-theoretic methods

The early AI systems used general systems, little knowledge. AI researchers realized that
specialized knowledge is required fo r rich tasks to focus reasoning.

The 1990's saw major advances in all areas of AI including the following:
• machine learning, data mining
• intelligent tutoring,
• case-based reasoning,
• multi-agent planning, scheduling,
• uncertain reasoning,
• natural language understanding and translation,
• vision, virtual reality, games, and other topics.

Rod Brooks' COG Project at MIT, with nu merous collaborators, made significant
progress in building a humanoid robot

The first official Robo-Cup soccer match featuring table-top matches with 40 teams of
interacting robots was held in 1997. For details, see the site
http://murray.newcastle.edu.au/users/students/2002/c3012299/bg.html

In the late 90s, Web craw lers and other AI-based information extraction programs
become essential in widespread use of the world-wide-web.

Interactive robot pets ("smart toys") become commercially av ailable, realizing the vision
of the 18th century novelty toy makers.

In 2000, the Nomad robot explor es remote regions of Antarctica looking for meteorite
samples.
We will now look at a few famous AI system that has been developed over the years.
1. ALVINN:
Autonomous Land Vehicle In a Neural Network
In 1989, Dean Pomerleau at CMU created ALVI NN. This is a system which learns to
control vehicles by watching a person drive. It contains a neural network whose input is a
30x32 unit two dimensional camera image. The output layer is a representation of the
direction the vehicle should travel.
The system drove a car from the East Coast of USA to the west coast, a total of about
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2850 miles. Out of this about 50 miles were driven by a human, and the rest solely by the
system.

2. Deep Blue
In 1997, the Deep Blue chess program created by IBM, beat the current world chess
champion, Gary Kasparov.

3. Machine translation

A system capable of translations between people speaking different languages will be a
remarkable achievement of enormous economic and cultural benefit. Machine translation
is one of the important fields of endeavour in AI. While so me translating systems have
been developed, there is a lot of scop e for improvement in translation quality.

4. Autonomous agents
In space exploration, robotic space probes autonomously monitor their surroundings,
make decisions and act to achieve their goals.

NASA's Mars rovers successfully completed their primary three-month missions in April,
2004. The Spirit rover had been exploring a ra nge of Martian hills that took two months
to reach. It is finding curiously eroded rocks that may be new pieces to the puzzle of the
region's past. Spirit's twin, Opportunity, had be en examining exposed rock layers inside a
crater.

5. Internet agents
The explosive growth of the internet has also le d to growing interest in internet agents to
monitor users' tasks, seek needed information, and to learn which information is most
useful

For more information the reader may consult AI in the news:
http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/current.html

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