Anglo-Saxon Literature

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Anglo-Saxon Literature

The Project Gutenberg EBook of Anglo-Saxon Literature, by John Earle This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
Title: Anglo-Saxon Literature
Author: John Earle
Release Date: November 19, 2005 [EBook #17101]
Language: English
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{Transcriber's Note: This e-text contains a number of unusual characters which are represented as follows: {+} maltese cross {&} tironian ampersand {-o} o-macron {~c} c-tilde {^y} y-circumflex {gh} yogh {t?t} t with a stroke through the top. oe ligatures have been unpacked.}

The Dawn of European Literature.
* * * * *
ANGLO-SAXON LITERATURE.
BY JOHN EARLE, M.A. RECTOR OF SWANSWICK, RAWLINSON PROFESSOR OF ANGLO-SAXON IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION APPOINTED BY THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE.
LONDON: SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE, NORTHUMBERLAND AVENUE, CHARING CROSS, W.C.; 43, QUEEN VICTORIA STREET, E.C.; 26, ST. GEORGE'S PLACE, HYDE PARK CORNER S.W. BRIGHTON: 133, NORTH STREET. NEW YORK: E. & J.B. YOUNG & CO.
1884.

PREFACE.
The bulk of this little book has been a year or more in type; and, in the mean time, some important publications have appeared which it was too late for me to profit by. Among such I count the "Corpus Poeticum Boreale" by Dr. Gudbrand Vigfusson and Mr. York Powell; the "Epinal Gloss" and Alfred's "Orosius" by Mr. Sweet, for the Early English Text Society; an American edition of the "Beowulf" by Professors Harrison and Sharp; ?lfric's translation of "Alcuin upon Genesis," by Mr. MacLean. To these I must add an article in the "Anglia" on the first and last of the Riddles in the Exeter Book, by Dr. Moritz Trautmann. Another recent book is the translation of Mr. Bernhard Ten Brink's work on "Early English Literature," which comprises a description of the Anglo-Saxon period. This book is not new to me, except for the English dress that Mr. Kennedy has given to it. The German original has been often in my hand, and although I am not aware of any particular debt, such as it would have been a duty and a pleasure to acknowledge on the spot, yet I have a sentiment that Mr. Ten Brink's sympathising and judicious treatment of our earliest literature has been not only agreeable to read, but also profitable for my work.
15, NORHAM ROAD, OXFORD, _March 15th, 1884._

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PAGE
I.--A PRELIMINARY VIEW 1
II.--THE MATERIALS 28
III.--THE HEATHEN PERIOD 59
IV.--THE SCHOOLS OF KENT 79
V.--THE ANGLIAN PERIOD 98
VI.--THE PRIMARY POETRY 119
VII.--THE WEST SAXON LAWS 150
VIII.--THE CHRONICLES 169
IX.--ALFRED'S TRANSLATIONS 186
X.--?LFRIC 207
XI.--THE SECONDARY POETRY 225
XII.--THE NORMAN CONQUEST, AND AFTER THAT 243
INDEX 259

ANGLO-SAXON LITERATURE.

CHAPTER I.
A PRELIMINARY VIEW.
Anglo-Saxon literature is the oldest of the vernacular literatures of modern Europe; and it is a consequence of this that its relations with Latin literature have been the closest. All the vernacular literatures have been influenced by the Latin, but of Anglo-Saxon literature alone can it be said that it has been subjected to no other influence. This literature was nursed by, and gradually rose out of, Latin culture; and this is true not only of those portions which were translated or otherwise borrowed from the Latin, but also in some degree even of the native elements of poetry and laws. These were not, indeed, derived from Latin sources, but it was through Latin culture that those habits and facilities were acquired which made their literary production possible.
In the Anglo-Saxon period there was no other influential literature in the West except the Latin. Greek literature had long ago retired to the East. The traces of Greek upon Anglo-Saxon literature are rare and superficial. Practically the one external influence with which we shall have to reckon is that of Latin literature, and as the points of contact with this literature are numerous, it will be convenient to say something of the Latin literature in a preliminary sketch.
The Latin literature with which we are best acquainted was the result of study and imitation of Greek literature. But the old vernacular Latin was a homely and simple speech, much more like any modern language in its ways and movements than would be supposed by those who only know classical Latin. The old Latin poetry was rhythmical, and fond of alliteration. Such was the native song of the Italian Camen?, unlike the ?sthetic poetry of the classical age, with its metres borrowed from the Greek Muses. The old Latin poetry was like the Saxon, in so far as it was rhythmical and not metrical; but unlike it in