Ancient China Simplified | Page 5

the Second Protector--Tries to
replace Kwan-tsz deceased--Pleasures of Ts'i life--Mean behaviour of
orthodox princes to the Wanderer--Frank attitude of Ts'u--Successive
Tartar-born rulers of Tsin, and war with T&n--Second Protector gains
his own Tsin throne--Puppet Emperor at a durbar--Tsin obtains cession
of territory--Triangular war between the Powers-- Description of the
political situation--China 2500 years ago beginning to move as she is
now doing again
CHAPTER XI
RELIGION I'Jo religion except natural religion--Religion not separate
from administrative ritual--The titles of "King" and "Emperor"--Prayer
common, but most other of our own religious notions absent--Local
religion in barbarous states--Distinction between loss and annihilation
of power--Ducal rank and marquesses--Distinction between grantee
sacrifices and personal sacrifices--Prayer and the ancient Emperor Shun,
whose grave is in Hu Nan--Chou Emperor's sickness and brother's
written prayer--Offers to sacrifice self-- Messages from the
dead--Lao-tsz's book--Ts'in and conquered Tsin Sacrifices--Further
instances of prayer
CHAPTER XII
ANCESTRAL WORSHIP Ancestral tablets carried in war-Shrines
graduated according to rank--Description of shrines--Specific case of
the King of Ts'u-- Instance of the First August Emperor much
later--Temple of Heaven, Peking, and the British occupation of
it--Modern Japanese instance of reporting to Heaven and
ancestors--Tsin and Ts'i instances of it--Sacrificial tablets--Writing
materials--Lu's special spiritual status--Desecration of tombs and
flogging of corpses--Destruction of ancestral temples--Imperial

presents of sacrificial meat-- Fasting and purification--Intricate
mourning rules. So-65
CHAPTER XIII
ANCIENT DOCUMENTS FOUND History of Tsin and the Bamboo
Annals discovered after 600 years' burial--Confirmatory of Confucius'
history--Obsolete and modern script--Ancient calendars--Their
evidence in rendering dates precise--The Ts'in calendar imposed on
China--Rise of the Ts'in power--Position as Protector--Vast Tartar
annexations by Ts'in-- Duke Muh of Ts'in and Emperor Muh of
China--Posthumous names-- Discovery of ancient books--Supposed
travels of Emperor Muh to Tartary--Possibility of the Duke Muh
having made the journeys-- Ts'in and Tsin force Tartars to
migrate--Surreptitious vassal "emperors"--Instances of Annam and
Japan--Tsin against Ts'in and Ts'u after Second Protector's death--Ts'i
never again Protector-- Ts'in's Chinese and Tartar
advisers--Foundations for Ts'in's future empire.
CHAPTER XIV
MORE ON PROTECTORS The Five Protectors of China more exactly
defined--No such period as the "Five Tyrant period" can be logically
accepted as accurate-- Chinese never understand the principles of
history as distinct from the detailed facts--International situation
defined--Flank movements--Appearance of barbarous Wu in the
Chinese arena-- Phonetic barbarian names--The State of
Wei--Enlightened prince envoy to China from Wu--Wu rapidly
acquires the status of Protector--Confucius tampers with history--Risky
position of the King of Wu--Yüeh conquers Wu, and poses as
Protector--The River Sz (Grand Canal).
CHAPTER XV
STATE INTERCOURSE Further explanations regarding the grouping of
states, and the size of the smallest states--Statesmen of all orthodox
states acquainted with one another--No dialect difficulties in ancient

times--Records exist for everything--Absence of caste, but persistence
of the hereditary idea--The great political economist
Kwan-tsz--Tsz-ch'an, the prince-statesman of Cheng--Shuh Hiang,
statesman of Tsin--Reference to Appendix No. r--The statesman Yen-
tsz of Ts'i--Confucius' origin as a member of the royal Sung
family--Confucius' wanderings not so very extensive--Confucius no
mere pedant, but a statesman and a humorist--Hiang Suh of Sung,
inventor of "Hague" Conferences--Ki-chah, prince-envoy of Wu--K'u-
peh-yuh, an authority in Wei--Ts'in had no literary men--Lao-% of
Ts'u--Reasons why Confucius does not mention him
CHAPTER XVI
LAND AND PEOPLE Ancient land and land-tax-Combination of
military service with land cultivation--Studious class had to study tao
(in its pre-Lao-tsz sense)--Next the trading classes--Next the
cultivators-- Last the handicraftsmen--Another division of the
people--Responsibility of rulers to God--Classification of rulers and
ruling ranks--Eunuchs and slaves--Cadastral survey in Ts'u
state--Reserves for sporting-- Cemeteries--Salt-flats Another land and
military service system in Ts'u--Kwan-tsz's system in Ts'i--Poor
relief--Shrewd diplomacy--His master becomes First
Protector--commerce and fairs--"The people" ignored in history--Tsin
reforms and administration--The "great family" nuisance--Roads,
supplies, post-stages--Ts'i had developed even before
Kwan-tsz--Restlessness of active minds under the yoke of ritual.
CHAPTER XVII
EDUCATION AND LITERARY Very little mention of ancient writing
or education--Baked inscribed bricks unknown to the loess
region--Cession of land inscribed upon metal--The Nine Tripods--Ts'u
claims them-- Instances of written grants and prayers--Proof of
teaching--A written public notice--Probable use of wood--Conventions
upon stone--Books in sixth century B.C.--Maps, cadastre, and census
records--A doubtful instance--A closed letter--Indentures--A military
map--Treaties--Ancient theory of juvenile education for

office--Invention of new-written script 827 B.C.--Patriarchal rule
inconsistent with enlightenment--Unification of script, weights,
measures, and axle-breadths by the First August Emperor Further
invention of script and first dictionary--Facility of Chinese writing for
reading purposes-- Chinese now in a state of flux.
CHAPTER XVIII
TREATIES AND VOWS Treaties and imprecations--Smearing with
blood of victims-- Squabble re precedence in the treaty-making--Shuh
Niang's philosophy--Confucius' tampering with history condoned--Care
of Chinese in preserving first-hand evidence--Emperor ignored by
treaty-makers--Form of a treaty, with imprecation--Mesne lords and
their vassals--Negotiations and references for instructions-- Ts'u's first
protectorate in 538--Ts'u's difficulty with Wu--The Six Families of
Tsin--Sacrificing cocks as sanction to vows-- Drawing human blood as
sanction--Pigs for the same purpose--Kwan- tsz's honourable behaviour
in keeping treaty--Confucius not