Ancient China Simplified | Page 3

still more barbarous principality (ruling caste of the same family
as Chou, but senior to Chou) on the Yang-tsz embouchure and
Shanghai coasts.
YÜEH: equally barbarous principality commanding another
embouchure in the Hangchow-Ningpo region. Wu and Yüeh were at
first subordinate to Ts'u.
YEN: principality (same family as Chou) in the Peking plain, north of
the Yellow River mouth,

SHUH and PA: in no way Chinese or federal; equivalent to Central and
Eastern Sz Ch'wan province.
CHÊNG: principality in Ho Nan (same family as Chou).
SUNG: principality taking in the four corners of Ho Nan, Shan Tung,
An Hwei, and Kiang Su (Shang dynasty family).
CH'ÊN: principality in Ho Nan, south of Sung (family of the
Ploughman Emperor, 2250 B.C., preceding even the Hia dynasty).
WEI: principality taking in corners of Ho Nan, Chih Li, and Shan Tung
(family of the Chou emperors).
TS'AO: principality in South-west Shan Tung; neighbour of Lu, Wei,
and Sung (same family as Chou).
TS'AI: principality in Ho Nan, south of CH'ÊN (same family as Chou).
LU: principality in South-west Shan Tung, between Ts'ao and Ts'i (its
founder was the brother of the Chou founder).
HÜ: very small principality in Ho Nan, south of Cheng (same obscure
eastern ancestry as Ts'i),
K'I: Shan Tung promontory and German sphere (of Hia dynasty
descent); it is often confused with, or is quite the same as, another
principality called Ki (without the aspirate).
The above are practically all the states whose participation in Chinese
development has been historically of importance,

NAMES OF CHIEF PERSONAGES
CONFUCIUS: after 500 B.C. premier of Lu; traced his descent back
through the Chou dynasty vassal ruling family of Sung to the Shang
dynasty family.

TSZ-CH'AN: elder contemporary of Confucius; premier of Cheng;
traced his descent through the vassal ruling family of Cheng to the
Chou dynasty family: date of death variously stated.
KWAN-TSE: died between 648 and 643 B.C., variously stated; premier
of Ts'i; traced his descent to the same clan as the ruling dynasty of
Chou.
YEN-TSZ: died 500 B.C.; premier of Ts'i; traced his descent to a local
clan, apparently eastern barbarian by origin.
WEI YANG: died 338 B.C.; premier of Ts'in; was a concubine-born
prince of the vassal state of Wei, and was thus of the imperial Chou
dynasty clan.
SHUH HIANG: lawyer and minister of Tsin; belonged to one of the
"great families" of Tsin; was contemporary with Tsz-ch'an. HIANG
SÜH: diplomat of the state of Sung; pedigree not ascertained,
KI-CHAH: son, brother, and uncle of successive barbarian kings of Wu,
whose ancestors, however, were the same ancestors as the orthodox
imperial rulers of the Chou dynasty; contemporary of Tsz- ch'an.
NAMES OF THE SO-CALLED "FIVE PROTECTORS"
(ONLY THE TWO FIRST OF THE FIVE WERE SO OFFICIALLY;
THE TWO LAST WERE SO, EVEN OFFICIALLY, THOUGH
NEVER COUNTED AMONGST THE FIVE.)
1. MARQUESS OF Ts'i (not of imperial Chou clan, perhaps of
"Eastern Barbarian" origin).
2. MARQUESS OF TSIN (imperial Chou clan).
3. DUKE OF SUNG (imperial Shang dynasty descent),
4. "KING" OF T'SU (semi-barbarian, but with remote imperial Chinese
legendary descent).

5. EARL OF TS'IN (semi-Tartar, with legendary descent from remote
imperial Chinese).
6. "KING" OF Wu (semi-barbarian, but of imperial Chou family
descent).
7. "KING" OF YÜEH (barbarian, but with legendary descent from
ultra-remote imperial Chinese).

CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
OPENING SCENES Beginning of dated history--Size of ancient
China--Parcelled out into fiefs--Fiefs correspond to modern hien
districts-- Mesne lords and sub-vassals--Method of migration and
colonizing-- Course of the Yellow River in 842 B.C.--Distant fiefs in
Shan Tung and Chih Li provinces of to-day--A river which
subsequently became part of the Grand Canal--The Hwai River system
of waters-- Europeans always regard China from the sea
inwards--Corea, Japan, and Liao Tung unknown in 842 B.C. except,
perhaps, to the vassal state in Peking plain--Orthodox Chinese adopting
barbarian usages in Shan Tung--Eastern barbarians on the coast to
Shanghai--No knowledge of South or West Asia--Left bank of Yellow
River was mostly Tartar, except in South Shan Si--Ancient capital in
Shan Si--Ancient colonization of the Wei River valleys in Shen Si--
Possibilities of Western ideas having been carried by Tartar horsemen
from Persia and Turkestan--Traditions of western, eastern, and southern
intercourse previous to 842 B.C.--Early knowledge of the River
Yang-tsz and its three mouths--Explorations by ancient
emperors--Development of China followed much the same normal
course as that of Greece or England.
CHAPTER II
SHIFTING SCENES Character of the early colonizing Chinese

satraps--Revolt of the western satrap and flight of the Emperor in 842
B.C.--Daughter of a later satrap marries the Emperor--Tartars mix up
with questions of imperial succession and kill the Emperor--Transfer of
the imperial metropolis from Shen Si to Ho Nan--The Chou dynasty,
dating from 1122 B.C.--Before its conquest, the vassal house of Chou
occupied the same relation to the imperial dynasty of Shang that