An Outline of the Relations between England and Scotland (500-1707) | Page 9

and the English exiles after the Norman Conquest, did modify the race over whom Malcolm Canmore ruled, we do not seek to deny. But that it was a modification and not a displacement, a victory of civilization and not of race, we beg to suggest. The English influences were none the less strong for this, and, in the end, they have everywhere prevailed. But the Scotsman may like to think that medi?val Scotland was not divided by an abrupt racial line, and that the political unity and independence which it obtained at so great a cost did correspond to a natural and a national unity which no people can, of itself, create.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: Spanish and Venetian Calendars of State Papers. Cf. especially the reference to the succour afforded by Scotland to France in Spanish Calendar, i. 210.]
[Footnote 2: Historical Essays, First Series, p. 71.]
[Footnote 3: History of the English People, Book III, c. iv.]
[Footnote 4: History of Scotland, vol. i, p. 2. But, as Mr. Lang expressly repudiates any theory of displacement north of the Forth, and does not regard Harlaw in the light of a great racial contest, his position is not really incompatible with that of the present work.]
[Footnote 5: History of England, p. 158. Mr. Oman is almost alone in not calling them English in blood.]
[Footnote 6: History of Scotland, vol. ii, pp. 393-394.]
[Footnote 7: Instances of the first tendency are Edderton, near Tain, _i.e._ eadar duin ("between the hillocks"), and Falkirk, _i.e._ Eaglais ("speckled church"), while examples of the second tendency are too numerous to require mention. Examples of ecclesiastical names are Laurencekirk and Kirkcudbright, and the growth of commerce receives the witness of such names as Turnberry, on the coast of Ayr, dating from the thirteenth century, and Burghead on the Moray Firth.]
[Footnote 8: Cf. Waverley, c. xliii, and the concluding chapter of Tales of a Grandfather.]
[Footnote 9: William of Newburgh states this in a probably exaggerated form when he says:--"Regni Scottici oppida et burgi ab Anglis habitari noscuntur" (Lib. II, c. 34). The population of the towns in the Lothians was, of course, English.]
[Footnote 10: For the real significance of such grants of land, cf. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, Essay II.]
[Footnote 11: Scotland under her Early Kings, vol. i, p. 239.]
[Footnote 12: Annalia, iv.]
[Footnote 13: There is a possible exception in Barbour's Bruce (Bk. XVIII, 1. 443)--"Then gat he all the Erischry that war intill his company, of Argyle and the Ilis alswa". It has been generally understood that the "Erischry" here are the Scottish Highlanders; but it is certain that Barbour frequently uses the word to mean Irishmen, and it is perhaps more probable that he does so here also than that he should use the word in this sense only once, and with no parallel instance for more than a century.]
[Footnote 14: Chronicle, Book II, c. ix. Cf. App. A.]
[Footnote 15: Ibid, Book V, c. x. Cf. App. A.]
[Footnote 16: History of Greater Britain, Bk. I, cc. vii, viii, ix. Cf. App. A.]
[Footnote 17: Scotorum Regni Descriptio, prefixed to his "History". Cf. App. A.]
[Footnote 18: Fasti Aberdonenses, p. 3.]
[Footnote 19: De Gestis Scotorum, Lib. I. Cf. App. A. It is interesting to note, as showing how the breach between Highlander and Lowlander widened towards the close of the sixteenth century, that Father James Dalrymple, who translated Lesley's History, at Ratisbon, about the beginning of the seventeenth century, wrote: "Bot the rest of the Scottis, quhome we halde as outlawis and wylde peple". Dalrymple was probably a native of Ayrshire.]
[Footnote 20: Liber Pluscardensis, X, c. xxii. Cf. App. A.]
[Footnote 21: _Scoti-chronicon_, XV, c. xxi. Cf. App. A.]
[Footnote 22: Greater Britain, VI, c. x. Cf. App. A. The keenness of the fighting is no proof of racial bitterness. Cf. the clan fight on the Inches at Perth, a few years before Harlaw.]
[Footnote 23: _Scotorum Histori?_, Lib. XVI. Cf. App. A.]
[Footnote 24: Rerum Scotorum Historia, Lib. X. Cf. App. A.]
[Footnote 25: _Top. Hib._, Dis. III, cap. xi.]
[Footnote 26: Britannia, section Scoti.]
[Footnote 27: Mahoun = Mahomet, _i.e._ the Devil.]
[Footnote 28: The Editor of the Scottish Text Society's edition of Dunbar points out that "Macfadyane" is a reference to the traitor of the War of Independence:
"This Makfadzane till Inglismen was suorn; Eduard gaiff him bath Argill and Lorn".
Blind Harry, VII, ll. 627-8.
]
[Footnote 29: "Far northward in a nuke" is a reference to the cave in which Macfadyane was killed by Duncan of Lorne (Bk. VIII, ll. 866-8).]
CHAPTER I
RACIAL DISTRIBUTION AND FEUDAL RELATIONS
_c._ 500-1066 A.D.
Since the beginning of the eighteenth century, it has been customary to speak of the Scottish Highlanders as "Celts". The name is singularly inappropriate. The word "Celt" was used by C?sar to describe the peoples of Middle Gaul, and it thence became almost synonymous with "Gallic". The ancient inhabitants of Gaul were far