An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England | Page 2

and Foreign Trade................. 133
35. Bibliography........................................... 134
CHAPTER VI
The Breaking Up Of The Mediæval System
Economic Changes of the Later Fifteenth and the Sixteenth Centuries
36. National Affairs from 1461 to 1603..................... 136
37. Enclosures............................................. 141
38. Internal Divisions in the Craft Gilds.................. 147
39. Change of Location of Industries....................... 151
40. The Influence of the Government on the Gilds........... 154
41. General Causes and Evidences of the Decay of the Gilds. 159
42. The Growth of Native Commerce.......................... 161

43. The Merchants Adventurers.............................. 164
44. Government Encouragement of Commerce................... 167
45. The Currency........................................... 169
46. Interest............................................... 171
47. Paternal Government.................................... 173
48. Bibliography........................................... 176
CHAPTER VII
The Expansion Of England
Economic Changes of the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries
49. National Affairs from 1603 to 1760..................... 177
50. The Extension of Agriculture........................... 183
51. The Domestic System of Manufactures.................... 185
52. Commerce under the Navigation Acts..................... 189
53. Finance................................................ 193
54. Bibliography........................................... 198
CHAPTER VIII
The Period Of The Industrial Revolution
Economic Changes of the Later Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth
Centuries
55. National Affairs from 1760 to 1830..................... 199

56. The Great Mechanical Inventions........................ 203
57. The Factory System..................................... 212
58. Iron, Coal, and Transportation......................... 214
59. The Revival of Enclosures.............................. 216
60. Decay of Domestic Manufacture.......................... 220
61. The Laissez-faire Theory............................. 224
62. Cessation of Government Regulation..................... 228
63. Individualism.......................................... 232
64. Social Conditions at the Beginning of the Nineteenth
Century................................................ 235
65. Bibliography........................................... 239
CHAPTER IX
The Extension Of Government Control
Factory Laws, the Modification of Land Ownership, Sanitary
Regulations, and New Public Services
66. National Affairs from 1830 to 1900..................... 240
67. The Beginning of Factory Legislation................... 244
68. Arguments for and against Factory Legislation.......... 249
69. Factory Legislation to 1847............................ 254
70. The Extension of Factory Legislation................... 256
71. Employers' Liability Acts.............................. 260

72. Preservation of Remaining Open Lands................... 262
73. Allotments............................................. 267
74. Small Holdings......................................... 269
75. Government Sanitary Control............................ 271
76. Industries Carried on by Government.................... 273
77. Bibliography........................................... 276
CHAPTER X
The Extension Of Voluntary Association
Trade Unions, Trusts, and Coöperation
78. The Rise of Trade Unions............................... 277
79. Opposition of the Law and of Public Opinion. The Combination
Acts....................................... 279
80. Legalization and Popular Acceptance of Trade Unions.... 281
81. The Growth of Trade Unions............................. 288
82. Federation of Trade Unions............................. 289
83. Employers' Organizations............................... 293
84. Trusts and Trade Combinations.......................... 294
85. Coöperation in Distribution............................ 295
86. Coöperation in Production.............................. 300
87. Coöperation in Farming................................. 302

88. Coöperation in Credit.................................. 306
89. Profit Sharing......................................... 307
90. Socialism.............................................. 310
91. Bibliography........................................... 311

An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England

INDUSTRIAL AND SOCIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND
CHAPTER I
GROWTH OF THE NATION
To The Middle Of The Fourteenth Century
*1. The Geography of England.*--The British Isles lie northwest of the
Continent of Europe. They are separated from it by the Channel and the
North Sea, at the narrowest only twenty miles wide, and at the broadest
not more than three hundred.
The greatest length of England from north to south is three hundred and
sixty-five miles, and its greatest breadth some two hundred and eighty
miles. Its area, with Wales, is 58,320 square miles, being somewhat
more than one-quarter the size of France or of Germany, just one-half
the size of Italy, and somewhat larger than either Pennsylvania or New
York.
The backbone of the island is near the western coast, and consists of a
body of hard granitic and volcanic rock rising into mountains of two or
three thousand feet in height. These do not form one continuous chain
but are in several detached groups. On the eastern flank of these
mountains and underlying all the rest of the island is a series of

stratified rocks. The harder portions of these strata still stand up as long
ridges,--the "wolds," "wealds," "moors," and "downs" of the more
eastern and south-eastern parts of England. The softer strata have been
worn away into great broad valleys, furnishing the central and eastern
plains or lowlands of the country.
The rivers of the south and of the far north run for the most part by
short and direct courses to the sea. The rivers of the midlands are much
longer and larger. As a result of the gradual sinking of the island, in
recent geological periods the sea has extended some distance up the
course of these rivers, making an almost unbroken series of estuaries
along the whole coast.
The climate of England is milder and more equable than is indicated by
the latitude, which is that of Labrador in the western hemisphere and of
Prussia and central Russia on the Continent of Europe. This is due to
the fact that the Gulf Stream flows around its southern and western
shores, bringing warmth and a superabundance of moisture from the
southern Atlantic.
These physical characteristics