An Introduction to Chemical Science | Page 5

D. Halsted, Iowa Agricultural College; Prof. W. T. Sedgwick, Institute of Technology, Boston; Pres. M. E. Wadsworth, Michigan Mining School; Prof. George Huntington, Carleton College, Minn.; Prof. Joseph Torrey, Iowa College; Mr. C. J. Lincoln, East Boston High.School; Mr. W. H. Sylvester, English High School, Boston; Mr. F. W. Gilley, Chelsea, Mass., High School; the late D. S. Lewis, Chemist of the Boston Gas Works, and others.
R. P. W.
BOSTON, January 3, 1888.

TABLE OF CONTENTS




CHAPTER I
.
THE METRIC SYSTEM.
Length.--Volume.--Weight



CHAPTER II
.
DIVISIBILITY OF MATTER.
Mass.-Molecule.--Atom.--Element.--Compound.--Mixture.-- Analysis.--Synthesis.--Metathesis.--Chemism



CHAPTER III
.
MOLECULES AND ATOMS.
Synthesis



CHAPTER IV
.
ELEMENTS AND BINARIES.
Symbols.--Names.--Coefficients.--Exponents.--Table of elements



CHAPTER V
.
MANIPULATION.
To prepare and cut glass, etc.



CHAPTER VI
.
OXYGEN.
Preparation.--Properties.--Combustion of carbon; sulphur; phosphorus; iron.



Chapter VII
NITROGEN
Separation--Properties



CHAPTER VIII
HYDROGEN
Preparation--Properties--Combustion--Oxy-hydrogen blowpipe



CHAPTER IX
UNION BY WEIGHT
Meaning of equations--Problems



CHAPTER X
CARBON
Preparation--Allotropic forms: diamond, graphite, amorphous carbon, coke, mineral coal.--Carbon a reducing agent, a decolorizer, disinfectant, absorber of gases



CHAPTER XI
VALENCE
Poles of attraction--Radicals



CHAPTER XII
ELECTRO-CHEMICAL RELATION OF ELEMENTS
Deposition of silver; copper; lead--Table of metals and non- metals, and discussion of their differences



CHAPTER XIII
.
ELECTROLYSIS.
Decomposition of water and of salts--Conclusions



CHAPTER XIV
.
UNION BY VOLUME.
Avogadro's law and its applications.



CHAPTER XV
.
ACIDS AND BASES.
Characteristics of acids and bases.--Anhydrides.--Naming of acids.--Alkalies



CHAPTER XVI
.
SALTS.
Preparation from acids and bases.--Naming of salts.--Occurrence



CHAPTER XVII
CHLORHYDRIC ACID.
Preparation and tests.--Bromhydric, iodhiydric, and fluorhydric acids.--Etching glass



CHAPTER XVIII
.
NITRIC ACID.
Preparation, properties, tests, and uses.--Aqua regia: preparation and action



CHAPTER XIX
.
SULPHURIC ACID.
Preparation, tests, manufacture, and importance.-Fuming sulphuric acid



CHAPTER XX
.
AMMONIUM HYDRATE.
Preparation of bases.--Formation, preparation, tests, and uses of ammonia.



Chapter XXI
.
SODIUM HYDRATE.
Preparation and properties.--Potassium hydrate and calcium hydrate



CHAPTER XXII
OXIDES OF NITROGEN.
Nitrogen monoxide, dioxide, trioxide, tetroaide, pentoxide.



CHAPTER XXIII
.
LAWS OF DEFINITE AND OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION, and their application



CHAPTER XXIV
.
CARBON PROTOXIDE and water gas.



CHAPTER XXV
.
CARBON DIOXIDE.
Preparation and tests.--Oxidation in the human system.--Oxidation in water.--Deoxidation in plants



CHAPTER XXVI
.
OZONE.
Description, preparation, and test



CHAPTER XXVII
CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE.
Constituents of the air.--Air a mixture.--Water, carbon dioxide, and other ingredients of the atmosphere



CHAPTER XXVIII
.
THE CHEMISTRY OF WATER.
Distillation of water.--Three states.--Pure water, sea-water, river-water, spring-water



CHAPTER XXIX
.
THE CHEMISTRY OF FLAME.
Candle flame.--Bunsen flame.--Light and heat.--Temperature of combustion.--Oxidizing and reducing flames.--Combustible and supporter.--Explosive mixture of gases.--Generalizations



CHAPTER XXX
.
CHLORINE.
Preparation.--Chlorine water.--Bleaching properties.-- Disinfecting power.--A supporter of combustion.--Sources and uses



CHAPTER XXXI
.
BROMINE.
Preparation.--Tests.--Description.--Uses



CHAPTER XXXII
.
IODINE.
Preparation.--Tests.--Iodo-starch paper.--Occurrence.--Uses.-- Fluorine



CHAPTER XXXIII
.
THE HALOGENS.
Comparison.--Acids, oxides, and salts



CHAPTER XXXIV
.
VAPOR DENSITY AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT.
Gaseous weights and volumes.--Vapor density defined.--Vapor density of oxygen



CHAPTER XXXV
.
ATOMIC WEIGHT.
Definition.--Atomic weight of oxygen.--Molecular symbols.-- Molecular and atomic volumes



CHAPTER XXXVI
.
DIFFUSION AND CONDENSATION OF GASES.
Diffusion of gases.--Law of diffusion.--Cause.--Liquefaction and solidification of gases



CHAPTER XXXVIL
SULPHUR.
Separation.--Crystals from fusion.--Allotropy.--Solution.-- Theory of Allotropy.--Occurrence and purification.--Uses.--- Sulphur dioxide



CHAPTER XXXVIII
.
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE.
Preparation.--Tests.--Combustion.--Uses.--An analyzer of metals.- -Occurrence and properties



CHAPTER XXXIX
.
PHOSPHORUS.
Solution and combustion.--Combustion under water.--Occurrence.-- Sources.--Preparation of phosphates and phosphorus.--- Properties.--Uses.--Matches.--Red phosphorus.---Phosphene



CHAPTER XL
.
ARSENIC.
Separation.--Tests.--Expert analysis.--Properties and occurrence.-- Atomic volume.--Uses of arsenic trioxide



CHAPTER XLI
.
SILICON, SILICA, AND SILICATES.
Comparison of silicon and carbon.--Silica.--Silicates.--Formation of silica.



Chapter XLII
GLASS AND POTTERY.
Glass an artificial silicate.--Manufacture.--Importance.-- Porcelain and pottery.



CHAPTER XLIII
.
METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS.
Comparison of metals and non-metals.--Alloys.--Low fusibility. -- Amalgams



CHAPTER XLIV
.
SODIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS.
Order of derivation.--Occurrence and preparation of sodium chloride; uses.--Sodium sulphate: manufacture and uses. --Sodium carbonate: occurrence, manufacture, and uses.-- Sodium: preparation and uses.--Sodium hydrate: preparation and use.-- Hydrogen sodium carbonate.--Sodium nitrate



CHAPTER XLV
.
POTASSIUM AND AMMONIUM.
Occurrence and preparation of potassium.--Potassium chlorate and cyanide.--Gunpowder.--Ammonium compounds



CHAPTER XLVI
.
CALCIUM COMPOUNDS.
Calcium carbonate.--Lime and its uses.--Hard water.--Formation of caves.--Calcium sulphate



CHAPTER XLVII
.
MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, AND ZINC.
Occurrence and preparation of magnesium.--Compounds of aluminium: reduction; properties, and uses.--Compounds, uses, and reduction of zinc



CHAPTER XLVIII
.
IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS.
Ores of iron.--Pig-iron.--Steel.--Wrought-iron.--Properties. -- Salts of iron.--Change of valence and of color



CHAPTER XLIX
.
LEAD AND TIN.
Distribution of lead.--Poisonous properties.--Some lead compounds.-- Tin



CHAPTER L
.
COPPER, MERCURY, AND SILVER.
Occurrence and uses of copper.--Compounds and uses of mercury.-- Occurrence, reduction, and salts of silver



CHAPTER LI
.
PHOTOGRAPHY.
Description.



CHAPTER LII
.
PLATINUM AND GOLD.
Methods of obtaining, and uses



CHAPTER LIII
.
CHEMISTRY OF ROCKS.
Classification.--Composition.--Importance of siliceous rocks.-- Soils.--Minerals.--The earth's interior.--Percentage of elements



CHAPTER LIV
.
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
Comparison of organic and inorganic compounds.--Molecular differences.--Synthesis of organic compounds.--Marsh-gas. series.---Alcohols.--Ethers.--Other substitution products. -- Olefines and other series.



CHAPTER LV
.
ILLUMINATING GAS.
Source, preparation, purification, and composition.--Natural gas



CHAPTER LVI
.
ALCOHOL.
Fermented and distilled liquors.--Effect on the system.--Affinity for water.--Purity



CHAPTER LVII
OILS, FATS, AND SOAPS.
Sources and kinds of oils and fats.--Saponification.--Manufacture and action of soap.--Glycerin, nitro-glycerin, and dynamite. -- Butter and oleomargarine.



CHAPTER LVIII
CARBO-HYDRATES.
Sugars.--Glucose.--Starch.--Cellulose.--Gun-cotton.--Dextrin. -- Zylonite



CHAPTER LIX
.
CHEMISTRY OF FERMENTATION.
Ferments.--Alcoholic, acetic, and lactic fermentation.-- Putrefaction.--Infectious diseases



CHAPTER LX
.
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE.
Growth of minerals and of organic life.--Food of plants and of man.--Conservation of energy and of matter



CHAPTER LXI
.
THEORIES.
The La Place theory--Theory of evolution--New theory of chemistry



CHAPTER LXII
GAS VOLUMES AND WEIGHTS.
Quantitative experiments with oxygen and hydrogen--Problems

AN INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL SCIENCE




CHAPTER I
.
THE METRIC SYSTEM.
1. The Metric System is the one here employed. A sufficient knowledge of it for use in the study of this book may be gained by means of the following experiments, which should be performed at the outset by each pupil.
2. Length.
Experiment 1.--Note the length of 10 cm. (centimeters) on a metric ruler, as shown in Figure 1. Estimate by the eye alone this distance on the cover of a book, and then verify the result. Do the same on a t.t. (test-tube). Try this several times on different objects till you can carry in mind a tolerably accurate idea of 10 cm. About how many inches is it?
In the same way estimate the length of 1 cm, verifying each result. How does