An Icelandic Primer | Page 9

siginn slīta
(tear) slītr sleit slitu slitinn stīga (advance) stīgr steig stigu
stiginn bīða (wait) bīðr beið biðu beiðnn
148. The following has a weak present:
vīkja (move) vīkr veik viku vikinn
149.
VII. 'Choose'-conjugation

INFIN. THIRD PRES. PRT. SING. PRT. PL. PTC. PRT.
bjÅða (offer) bȳðr bauð buðu boðinn brjÅta (break) brȳtr
braut brutu brotinn fljÅta (float) flȳtr flaut flutu flotinn hljÅta (receive)
hlȳtr hlaut hlutu hlotinn kjÅsa (choose) kȳss kaus kusum kosinn
njÅta (enjoy) nȳtr naut nutu notinn skjÅta (shoot) skȳtr skaut skutu
skotinn drjūpa (drop) drȳpr draup drupu dropinn ljūga (tell lies)
lȳgr laug lugu loginn lūka (close) lȳkr lauk luku lokinn lūta (bend)
lȳtr laut lutu lotinn fljūga (fly) flȳgr flŠflugu floginn
Weak Verbs
150. There are three conjugations of weak verbs. All those of the first
conjugation have mutated vowels in the pres., and form their pret. with
ð (d, t): heyra (hear), heyrða. Those of the second form their pret. in
the same way, but have unmutated vowels in the pres.: hafa (have)
hafða. Those of the third form their pret. in -aða: kalla (call),
kallaða.
I. 'Hear'-conjugation
Active
151.
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. sg. 1. heyr-i heyr-a 2. heyr-ir heyr-ir 3. heyr-ir heyr-i
pl. 1. heyr-um heyr-im 2. heyr-ið heyr-ið 3. heyr-a heyr-i
Pret. sg. 1. heyr-ða heyr-ða 2. heyr-ðir heyr-ðir 3. heyr-ði
heyr-ði
pl. 1. heyr-ðum heyr-ðim 2. heyr-ðuð heyr-ðið 3. heyr-ðu
heyr-ði
Imper. sg. 1. heyr; pl. 1. heyr-um, 2. heyr-ið. Partic. pres. heyr-andi;
pret. heyr-ðr. Infin. heyr-a.

Middle
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. sg. 1. heyr-umk heyr-umk 2. heyr-isk heyr-isk 3. heyr-isk
heyr-isk
pl. 1. heyr-umk heyr-imk 2. heyr-izk heyr-izk 3. heyr-ask heyr-isk
Pret. sg. 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðumk 2. heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk 3.
heyr-ðisk heyr-ðisk
pl. 1. heyr-ðumk heyr-ðimk 2. heyr-ðuzk heyr-ðizk 3.
heyr-ðusk heyr-ðisk
Imper. sg. 2. heyr-sk; pl. 1. heyr-umk, 2. heyr-izk. Partic. pres.
heyr-andisk; pret. heyr-zk neut. Infin. heyr-ask.
A. Without vowel-change
152. The inflectional ð becomes d after long syllables ending in l or n:
sigla (sail), siglda; nęfna (name), nęfnda, nęfndr.
153. -ðð becomes dd: leiða (lead), leidda.
154. ð after s and t becomes t: reisa (raise), reista; mœta (meet),
mœtta. Also in a few verbs in l, n: mæla (speak), mælta; spęnna
(buckle), spęnta.
155. After nd and pt it is dropped: sęnda (send), sęnda, sęndr;
lypta (lift), lypta.
156. It is preserved in such verbs as the following: dœma
(judge),
dœmða; fœra (lead), fœrða; hęrða (harden), hęrða;
hleypa (gallop), hleypða.
B. With vowel-change
157. All these verbs have j preceded by a short syllable (tęlja), or a

long vowel without any cons. after it (dȳja), or gg (lęggja); the j
being kept before a and u, as in the pres. ind. of spyrja (ask): spyr,
spyrr, spyrr; spyrjum, spyrið, spyrja, pres. subj. 1 sg. ek spyrja; they
unmutate their vowel in the pret. and ptc. pret. (spurða, spurðr), the
mutation being restored in the pret. subj. spyrða, spyrðir, etc. The ptc.
pret. often has an i before the ð.
bęrja (strike) barða barðr lęggja (lay) lagða lag(i)ðr tęlja
(tell) talða tal(i)ðr vękja (wake) vakða vakðr flytja (remove)
flutta fluttr dȳja (shake) dūða dūðr
158. The following keep the mutated vowel throughout:
sęlja (sell) sęlda sęldr sętja (set) sętta sęttr
C.
159. The following are irregular:
sÅ“kja (seek) sÅtta sÅttr þykkja (seem) þÅtta þÅttr
Subj. pret. sœtta, þœtta.
160. The following has an adj. for its partic. pret.:
gǫ̈ra (make) gǫ̈rða gǫ̈rr.
II. 'Have'-conjugation
161. The few verbs of this class are conjugated like those of conj. I,
except that some of them have imperatives in -i: vaki, þęfi; uni.
lifa, sęgja have imper. lif, sęg. They mutate the vowel of the pret.
subj. (ynða). Their partic. pret. generally occurs only in the neut.;
sometimes the a is dropped.
lifa (live) lifi lifða lifat una (be contented) uni unða unat skorta (be
wanting) skorti skorta skort þola (endure) þoli þolða þolat
þora (dare) þori þorða þorat nÄ (attain) nÄi nÄða nÄðr,
nÄit

162. The following show mutation:
sęgja (say) sęgi sagða sagðr þęgja (be silent) þęgi
þagða þagat hafa (have) hęfi hafða hafðr kaupa (buy) kaupi
keypta keyptr
163. The present indic. of the first three is as follows:
Sing. 1. hęfi sęgi þęgi 2, 3. hęfir sęgir þęgir
Plur. 1. hǫfum sęgjum þęgjum 2. hafið sęgið
þęgið 3. hafa sęgja þęgja
164. The rest of hafa is regular. Pres. subj. hafa, hafir, hafi; hafim,
hafið, hafi. Pret. indic. hafða, hafðir, hafði; hǫfdum, hǫfðuð,
hǫfðu. Pret. subj. hęfða, hęfðir, hęfði; hęfðim,
hęfðið, hęfði. Imper. haf, hǫfum, hafið. Ptc. hafandi,
hafðr.
III. 'Call'-conjugation
Active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. sg. 1. kall-a kall-a 2. kall-ar kall-ir 3. kall-ar kall-i
pl. 1. kǫll-um kall-im 2. kall-ið kall-ið 3. kall-a kall-i
Pres. sg. 1. kall-aða kall-aða 2. kall-aðir kall-aðir 3. kall-aði
kall-aði
pl. 1. kǫll-uðum kall-aðim 2. kǫll-uðuð kall-aðið 3.
kǫll-uðu kall-aði
Imper. sing. 2.