An Icelandic Primer | Page 7

yðarra
112. So also okkarr (our two) and ykkarr (your two).
113. hans
(his), þess (its), hęnnar (her), and þeira (their) are
indeclinable.
Demonstrative
114.

MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. sÄ (that) þat sÅ« Acc. þann þat Ã¾Ä Dat. þeim
þvī þeiri Gen. þess þess þeirar
Pl. Nom. þeir þau þær Acc. Ã¾Ä Ã¾au þær Dat. þeim
þeim þeim Gen. þeira þeira þeira
115. hinn, hitt, hin (that) is inflected like minn (except that its vowel is
short throughout): acc. masc. hinn, plur. masc. hinir, hina, hinum,
hinna.
116.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. þessi (this) þetta þessi Acc. þenna þetta þessa
Dat. þessum þessu þessi Gen. þessa þessa þessar
Pl. Nom. þessir þessi þessar Acc. þessa þessi þessar Dat.
þessum þessum þessum Gen. þessa þessa þessa
Definite
The prefixed definite article is declined thus:
117.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. inn it in Acc. inn it ina Dat. inum inu inni Gen. ins ins innar
Pl. Nom. inir in inar Acc. ina in inar Dat. inum inum inum Gen. inna
inna inna
118. When suffixed to its noun it undergoes various changes. In its
monosyllabic forms it drops its vowel after a short (un-accented) vowel,
as in auga-t (the eye), but keeps it after a long vowel, as in Ä-in (the
river), trē-it (the tree). The dissyllabic forms drop their initial vowel

almost everywhere; not, however, after the -ar, -r, of the gen. sg., nor
in męnninir (men, nom.), męnn-ina (men, acc.). The -m of the dat.
pl. is dropped before the suffixed -num.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. fiskr-inn skip-it gjǫf-in Acc. fisk-inn skip-it gjǫf-ina Dat.
fiski-num skipi-nu gjǫf-inni Gen. fisks-ins skips-ins gjafar-innar
Pl. Nom. fiskar-nir skip-in gjafar-nar Acc. fiska-na skip-in gjafar-nar
Dat. fisku-num skipu-num gjǫfu-num Gen. fiska-nna skipa-nna
gjafa-nna
Sg. Nom. bogi-nn auga-t tunga-n Acc. boga-nn auga-t tungu-na Dat.
boga-num auga-nu tungu-nni Gen. boga-ns auga-ns tungu-nnar
Pl. Nom. bogar-nir augu-n tungur-nar Acc. boga-na augu-n tungur-nar
Dat. bogu-num augu-num tungnu-num Gen. boga-nna augna-nna
tungna-nna
Relative
119. The ordinary relative pron. is the indeclinable er, often preceded
by sÄ: sÄ er = he who, who, sÅ« er who fem.
Interrogative
120. The neut. hvat has gen. hvess, dat. hvī, which last is chiefly used
as an adverb = 'why.'
121.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. hvÄrr (_which hvÄrt hvÄr of two_) Acc. hvÄrn hvÄrt hvÄra
Dat. hvÄrum hvÄru hvÄrri Gen. hvÄrs hvÄrs hvÄrrar
Pl. Nom. hvÄrir hvÄr hvÄrar Acc. hvÄra hvÄr hvÄrar Dat. hvÄrum
hvÄrum hvÄrum Gen. hvÄrra hvÄrra hvÄrra

122.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. hvęrr (_which, hvęrt hvęr who_) Acc. hvęrn
hvęrt hvęrja Dat. hvęrjum hvęrju hvęrri Gen. hvęrs
hvęrs hvęrrar
Pl. Nom. hvęrir hvęr hvęrjar Acc. hvęrja hvęr hvęrjar
Dat. hvęrjum hvęrjum hvęrjum Gen. hvęrra hvęrra
hvęrra
Indefinite
123. einn-hvęrr, eitthvęrt, einhvęr (some one) keeps an
invariable ein- in the other cases, the second element being inflected as
above.
124. sumr (some) is declined like an ordinary adjective.
125.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. nakkvarr nakkvat nǫkkur (some) Acc. nakkvarn nakkvat
nakkvara Dat. nǫkkurum nǫkkuru nakkvarri Gen. nakkvars
nakkvars nakkvarrar
Pl. Nom. nakkvarir nǫkkur nakkvarar Acc. nakkvara nǫkkur
nakkvarar Dat. nǫkkurum nǫkkurum nǫkkurum Gen. nakkvarra
nakkvarra nakkvarra
126.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. engi (_none, ekki engi no_) Acc. engan ekki enga Dat. engum
engu engri Gen. engis engis engrar

Pl. Nom. engir engi engar Acc. enga engi engar Dat. engum engum
engum Gen. engra engra engra
127. In hvÄr-tvÄ™ggja (each of the two, both) the first element is
declined as above, the second is left unchanged.
Verbs
128. There are two classes of verbs, strong and weak. Strong verbs are
conjugated partly by means of gradation, weak verbs by adding ð (d,
t).
129. The ð of the 2 pl. is dropt before þit (ye two) and þēr (ye):
gefi þēr, gÄfu þit.
130. There is a middle voice, which ends in -mk in the 1 pers. sg. and
pl., the rest of the verb being formed by adding sk to the active endings,
r being dropt, the resulting ts, ðs being written z (§ 36): kvezk (active
kveðr 'says'), _þu fekkzk (fekkt_ 'gottest').
131. The following is the conjugation of the strong verb gefa (give),
which will show those endings which are common to all verbs:
Active
INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Present sg. 1. gef gef-a 2. gef-r gef-ir 3. gef-r gef-i
pl. 1. gef-um gef-im 2. gef-ið gef-ið 3. gef-a gef-i
Preterite sg. 1. gaf gæf-a 2. gaf-t gæf-ir 3. gaf gæf-i
pl. 1. gÄf-um gæf-im 2. gÄf-uð gæf-ið 3. gÄf-u gæf-i
Imperative sg. 2 gef; pl. 1 gef-um, 2 gef-ið. Participle pres. gef-andi;
pret. gef-inn. Infin. gefa.
Middle

INDICATIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. sg. 1. gef-umk gef-umk 2. gef-sk gef-isk 3. gef-sk gef-isk
pl. 1. gef-umk gef-imk 2. gef-izk gef-izk 3. gef-ask gef-isk
Pret. sg. 1. gÄf-umk gæf-umk 2. gaf-zk gæf-isk 3. gaf-sk gæf-isk
pl. 1. gÄf-umk gæf-imk 2. gÄf-uzk gæf-izk