An Icelandic Primer | Page 5

is irregular: maðr, mann, manni, manns; męnn,
męnn, mǫnnum, manna.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. faðir (father) fęðr Acc. fǫður fęðr Dat. fǫður
fęðrum Gen. fǫður fęðra
54. So also brÅðir (brother), pl. brœðr.
55. Pres. participles used as nouns follow this decl. in the pl., following
the weak class in the sg.:
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. bÅndi (yeoman
) bÅ“ndr Acc. bÅnda bÅ“ndr Dat. bÅnda
bÅndum Gen. bÅnda bÅnda
56. So also frœndi (kinsman), pl. frœndr.
Strong Neuters
SINGULAR PLURAL

Nom. skip (ship) skip Acc. skip skip Dat. skip-i skip-um Gen. skip-s
skip-a
57. So also orð (word), land (land) pl. lǫnd, sumar (summer) pl.
sumur (§ 25).
58. męn (necklace), kyn (race), grey (dog) insert j before a and u:
greyjum. hǫgg (stroke) inserts v before a vowel: hǫggvi.
knÄ“ (knee), knÄ“, knÄ“, knÄ“s; knÄ“, knÄ“, kjÄm, knjÄ. So also
trē (tree).
59. fÄ“ (money) is contracted: gen. fjÄr, dat. fÄ“.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. kvæði (poem) kvæði Acc. kvæði kvæði Dat. kvæði
kvæðum Gen. kvæði-s kvæða
60. So also klæði (cloth). Those in k insert j before a and u: męrki
(mark), męrkjum, męrkja. So also rīki (sovereignty).
Strong Feminines
(1) ar-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. gjǫf (gift) gjaf-ar Acc. gjǫf gjaf-ar Dat. gjǫf gjǫf-um Gen.
gjaf-ar gjaf-a
61. So also mÇ«n (mane), gjÇ«rð (girdle), Är (oar).
62. Ä (river) contracts: Ä, Ä, Ä, Är; Är, Är, Äm, Ä.
63. Many take -u in the dat. sg.: kęrling (old woman), kęrling,
kęrlingu, kęrlingar; kęrlingar, kęrlingar, kęrlingum,
kęrlinga. So also laug (bath).
64. Those with a mutated root-vowel (or i) insert j in inflection: ey

(island), ey, eyju, eyjar; eyjar, eyjar, eyjum, eyja. So also Frigg, Hęl.
mær (maid), mey, meyju, meyjar; meyjar, meyjar, meyjum, meyja.
65.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. heið-r (heath) heið-ar Acc. heið-i heið-ar Dat. heið-i
heið-um Gen. heið-ar heið-a
(2) ir-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. tīð tīð-ir Acc. tīð tīð-ir Dat. tīð tīð-um Gen.
tīð-ar tīð-a
66. So also sorg (sorrow), skipun (arrangement), hǫfn (harbour) pl.
hafnir, and the majority of strong feminines.
67. Many have -u in the dat. sg.: sÅl (sun), sÅl, sÅlu, sÅlar; sÅlir, sÅlir,
sÅlum, sÅla. So also jÇ«rð (earth), stund (period of time).
68. One noun has r in the nom. sg., following heiðr in the sg.:
brūðr (bride), brūði, brūði, brūðar
; brūðir, brūðir,
brūðum, brūða.
(3) r-plurals
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. bÅk (book) bÅ“k-r Acc. bÅk bÅ“k-r Dat. bÅk bÅk-um Gen.
bÅk-ar bÅk-a
69. So also nÄtt (night) pl. nætr, bÅt (compensation) pl. bÅ“tr, tÇ«nn
(tooth) gen. tannar pl. tęnnr.
70. hǫnd (hand) pl. hęndr has dat. sg. hęndi.

71. kȳr (cow) has acc. kū, pl. kȳr.
72. brūn (eyebrow) assimilates the r of the pl.: brȳnn.
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. mÅðir (mother) mœðr Acc. mÅður mœðr Dat. mÅður
mœðrum Gen. mÅður mœðra
73. So also dÅttir (daughter) pl. dÅ“tr; systir (sister) pl. systr.
Weak Masculines
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. bog-i (bow) bog-ar Acc. bog-a bog-a Dat. bog-a bog-um Gen.
bog-a bog-a
74. So also mÄni (moon), fÄ“lagi (companion).
75. hǫfðingi (chief) and some others insert j in inflection:
hǫfðingja, hǫfðingjar, hǫfðingjum.
76. lÄ“ (scythe) is contracted; its gen. sg. is ljÄ.
77. oxi (ox) has pl. öxn.
78. herra (lord) is indeclinable in the sg.
Weak Neuters
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. hjart-a (heart) hjǫrt-u Acc. hjart-a hjǫrt-u Dat. hjart-a
hjǫrt-um Gen. hjart-a hjart-na
79. So also auga (eye).
Weak Feminines

SINGULAR PLURAL
Nom. tung-a (tongue) tung-ur Acc. tung-u tung-ur Dat. tung-u tung-um
Gen. tung-u tung-na
80. So also stjarna (star) pl. stjǫrnur, kirkja (church), gen. plurals
stjarna, kirkna.
Sg. Nom. ęlli (old age) Acc. ęlli Dat. ęlli Gen. ęlli
81. So also glęði (joy) and many abstract nouns.
82. lygi (falsehood) has pl. lygar; so also gǫ̈rsimi (precious thing).
Adjectives
83. Adjectives have three genders, and the same cases as nouns, though
with partly different endings, together with strong and weak forms.
Strong Adjectives
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. ung-r (young) ung-t ung Acc. ung-an ung-t ung-a Dat.
ung-um ung-u ung-ri Gen. ung-s ung-s ung-rar
Pl. Nom. ung-ir ung ung-ar Acc. ung-a ung ung-ar Dat. ung-um ung-um
ung-um Gen. ung-ra ung-ra ung-ra
84. So also fagr (fair), fem. fǫgr, neut. fagrt.
85. Some insert j before a and u: nȳr (new), nȳjum, nȳjan.
86. Some insert v before a vowel: hÄr (high), hÄvan, dökkr (dark),
dökkvir, kykr (alive), kykvir.
87. The t
of the neut. is doubled after a long vowel: nȳtt, hÄtt.
Monosyllables in ð, dd, tt form their neut. in -tt: breiðr (broad), breitt;
leiddr (led), leitt. gÅðr (good) has neut. gott. sannr (true) has neut.

satt. In unaccented syllables or if a cons. precedes, tt is shortened to t:
kallaðr (called), kallat; blindr (blind), blint, harðr (hard), hart, fastr
(firm), fast.
88. l and n assimilate a following r: gamall (old), fem. gǫmul, fem.
acc. gamla, dat. gamalli. vǣnn (beautiful), gen. pl. vænna.
MASC. NEUT. FEM.
Sg. Nom. mikill (great) mikit