A Treatise on Government | Page 6

what exists to an ideal, it is to a better
which may be in its turn transcended, not to a single immutable best. Aristotle found in
the society of his time men who were not capable of political reflection, and who, as he
thought, did their best work under superintendence. He therefore called them natural
slaves. For, according to Aristotle, that is a man's natural condition in which he does his
best work. But Aristotle also thinks of nature as something fixed and immutable; and
therefore sanctions the institution of slavery, which assumes that what men are that they
will always be, and sets up an artificial barrier to their ever becoming anything else. We
see in Aristotle's defence of slavery how the conception of nature as the ideal can have a
debasing influence upon views of practical politics. His high ideal of citizenship offers to
those who can satisfy its claims the prospect of a fair life; those who fall short are
deemed to be different in nature and shut out entirely from approach to the ideal.
A. D. LINDSAY.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
First edition of works (with omission of Rhetorica, Poetica, and second book of
OEconomica), 5 vols. by Aldus Manutius, Venice, 1495-8; re-impression supervised by
Erasmus and with certain corrections by Grynaeus (including Rhetorica and Poetica),
1531, 1539, revised 1550; later editions were followed by that of Immanuel Bekker and
Brandis (Greek and Latin), 5 vols. The 5th vol. contains the Index by Bonitz, 1831-70;
Didot edition (Greek and Latin), 5 vols. 1848-74.

ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS: Edited by T. Taylor, with Porphyry's Introduction, 9 vols.,
1812; under editorship of J. A. Smith and W. D. Ross, 1908.
Later editions of separate works:
De Anima: Torstrik, 1862; Trendelenburg, 2nd edition, 1877, with English translation, E.
Wallace, 1882; Biehl, 1884, 1896; with English, R. D. Hicks, 1907.
Ethica : J. S. Brewer (Nicomachean), 1836; W. E. Jelf, 1856; J. E. T. Rogers, 1865; A.
Grant, 1857-8, 1866, 1874, 1885; E. Moore, 1871, 1878, 4th edition, 1890; Ramsauer
(Nicomachean), 1878, Susemihl, 1878, 1880, revised by O. Apelt, 1903; A. Grant, 1885;
I. Bywater (Nicomachean), 1890; J. Burnet, 1900.
Historia Animalium : Schneider, 1812; Aubert and Wimmer, 1860, Dittmeyer, 1907.
Metaphysica: Schwegler, 1848; W. Christ, 1899.
Organon: Waitz, 1844-6.
Poetica: Vahlen, 1867, 1874, with Notes by E. Moore, 1875; with English translation by
E. R. Wharton, 1883, 1885; Uberweg, 1870, 1875; with German translation, Susemihl,
1874; Schmidt, 1875; Christ, 1878; I. Bywater, 1898; T. G. Tucker, 1899.
De Republics, Atheniensium: Text and facsimile of Papyrus, F. G. Kenyon, 1891, 3rd
edition, 1892; Kaibel and Wilamowitz - Moel-lendorf, 1891, 3rd edition, 1898; Van
Herwerden and Leeuwen (from Kenyon's text), 1891; Blass, 1892, 1895, 1898, 1903; J. E.
Sandys, 1893.
Politica: Susemihl, 1872; with German, 1878, 3rd edition, 1882; Susemihl and Hicks,
1894, etc.; O. Immisch, 1909.
Physica: C. Prantl, 1879.
Rhetorica: Stahr, 1862; Sprengel (with Latin text), 1867; Cope and Sandys, 1877;
Roemer, 1885, 1898.
ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF ONE OR MORE WORKS: De Anima (with Parva
Naturalia), by W. A. Hammond, 1902. Ethica: Of Morals to Nicomachus, by E. Pargiter,
1745; with Politica, by J. Gillies, 1797, 1804, 1813; with Rhetorica and Poetica, by T.
Taylor, 1818, and later editions. Nicomachean Ethics, 1819; mainly from text of Bekker,
by D. P. Chase, 1847; revised 1861, and later editions/with an introductory essay by G. H.
Lewes (Camelot Classics), 1890; re-edited by J. M. Mitchell (New Universal Library),
1906, 1910; with an introductory essay by Prof. J.H. Smith (Everyman's Library), 1911;
by R.W.Browne (Bohn's Classical Library), 1848, etc.; by R. Williams, 1869, 1876; by
W. M. Hatch and others (with translation of paraphrase attributed to Andronicus of
Rhodes), edited by E. Hatch, 1879; by F, H. Peters, 1881; J. E. C. Welldon, 1892; J.
Gillies (Lubbock's Hundred Books), 1893. Historia Animalium, by R. Creswell (Bohn's
Classical Library), 1848; with Treatise on Physiognomy, by T. Taylor, 1809.
Metaphysica, by T. Taylor, 1801; by J. H. M'Mahon (Bohn's Classical Library), 1848.
Organon, with Porphyry's Introduction, by O. F. Owen (Bohn's Classical Library), 1848.
Posterior Analytics, E. Poste, 1850; E. S. Bourchier, 1901; On Fallacies, E. Poste, 1866.
Parva Naturalia (Greek and English), by G. R. T. Ross, 1906; with De Anima, by W. A.
Hammond, 1902. Youth and Old Age, Life and Death and Respiration, W. Ogle, 1897.
Poetica, with Notes from the French of D'Acier, 1705; by H. J. Pye, 1788, 1792; T.
Twining, 1789,1812, with Preface and Notes by H. Hamilton, 1851; Treatise on
Rhetorica and Poetica, by T. Hobbes (Bohn's Classical Library), 1850; by Wharton, 1883
(see Greek version), S. H. Butcher, 1895, 1898, 3rd edition, 1902; E. S. Bourchier, 1907;
by Ingram Bywater, 1909. De Partibus Animalium, W. Ogle, 1882. De Republica

Athenientium, by E. Poste, 1891; F. G. Kenyon, 1891; T. J. Dymes, 1891. De Virtutibus