A Survey of Russian Literature, with Selections | Page 4

and Láda, who are frequently mentioned in these ancient songs, are
probably the sun-god, and the goddess of spring and of love,
respectively. Ládo, also, is mentioned as the god of marriage, mirth,
pleasure, and general happiness, to whom those about to marry offered

sacrifices; and much the same is said of the goddess Láda. Moreover, in
the Russian folk-songs, ládo and láda are used, respectively, for lover,
bridegroom, husband, and for mistress, bride, wife; and lad, in Russian,
signifies peace, union, harmony. Nestor, the famous old Russian
chronicler (he died in 1114), states that in ancient heathen times,
marriage customs varied somewhat among the various Slavonian tribes
in the vicinity of the Dniéster; but brides were always seized or
purchased. This purchase of the bride is supposed to be represented in
the game and choral song (khorovód), called "The Sowing of the
Millet." The singers form two choirs, which face each other and
exchange remarks. The song belongs to the vernal rites, hence the
reference to Ládo, which is repeated after every line--Did-Ládo,
meaning (in Lithuanian) Great Ládo:
First Chorus: We have sown, we have sown millet, Oï, Did-Ládo, we
have sown! Second Chorus: But we will trample it, Oï, Did-Ládo, we
will trample it. First Chorus: But wherewith will ye trample it? Second
Chorus: Horses will we turn into it. First Chorus: But we will catch the
horses. Second Chorus: Wherewith will ye catch them? First Chorus:
With a silken rein. Second Chorus: But we will ransom the horses. First
Chorus: Wherewith will ye ransom them? Second Chorus: We will give
a hundred rubles. First Chorus: A thousand is not what we want.
Second Chorus: What is it then, that ye want? First Chorus: What we
want is a maiden.
Thereupon, one of the girls of the second choir goes over to the first,
both sides singing together: "Our band has lost," and "Our band has
gained." The game ends when all the girls have gone over to one side.
The funeral wails are also very ancient. While at the present day a very
talented wailer improvises a new plaint, which her associates take up
and perpetuate, the ancient forms are generally used.
From the side of the East, The wild winds have arisen, With the roaring
thunders And the lightnings fiery. On my father's grave A star hath
fallen, Hath fallen from heaven. Split open, O dart of the thunder!
Damp Mother Earth, Fall thou apart, O Mother Earth! On all four sides,
Split open, O coffin planks, Unfold, O white shroud, Fall away, O

white hands From over the bold heart, And become parted, O ye sweet
lips. Turn thyself, O mine own father Into a bright, swift-winged falcon;
Fly away to the blue sea, to the Caspian Sea, Wash off, O mine own
father, From thy white face the mold. Come flying, O my father To
thine own home, to the lofty térem.[1] Listen, O my father, To our
songs of sadness!
The Christmas and New-Year carols offer additional illustrations of the
ancient heathen customs, and mythic or ritual poetry. The festival
which was almost universally celebrated at Christmas-tide, in ancient
heathen times, seems to have referred to the renewed life attributed to
the sun after the winter solstice. The Christian church turned this
festival, so far as possible, into a celebration of the birth of Christ.
Among the Slavonians this festival was called Kolyáda; and the sun--a
female deity--was supposed to array herself in holiday robes and
head-dress, when the gloom of the long nights began to yield to the
cheerful lights of the lengthening days, to seat herself in her chariot,
and drive her steeds briskly towards summer. She, like the festival, was
called Kolyáda; and in some places the people used to dress up a
maiden in white and carry her about in a sledge from house to house,
while the kolyádki, or carols, were sung by the train of young people
who attended her, and received presents in return. One of the kolyádki
runs as follows:
Kolyáda! Kolyáda! Kolyáda has arrived! On the Eve of the Nativity,
We went about, we sought Holy Kolyáda; Through all the courts, in all
the alleys. We found Kolyáda in Peter's Court. Round Peter's Court
there is an iron fence, In the midst of the Court there are three rooms;
In the first room is the bright Moon; In the second room is the red Sun;
And in the third room are the many Stars.
A Christian turn is given to many of them, just as the Mermen bear a
special Biblical name in some places, and are called "Pharaohs"; for
like the seals on the coast of Iceland, they are supposed to be the
remnants of Pharaoh's host, which was drowned in the Red Sea. One