A Social History of the American Negro

A Social History of the American Negro

The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Social History of the American Negro
by Benjamin Brawley This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
Title: A Social History of the American Negro Being a History of the Negro Problem in the United States. Including A History And Study Of The Republic Of Liberia
Author: Benjamin Brawley
Release Date: April 21, 2004 [EBook #12101]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
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A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE American Negro
BEING A HISTORY OF THE NEGRO PROBLEM IN THE UNITED STATES
INCLUDING A HISTORY AND STUDY OF THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA
by BENJAMIN BRAWLEY 1921

TO THE MEMORY OF NORWOOD PENROSE HALLOWELL
PATRIOT 1839-1914
* * * * *
_These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them afar off_.
Norwood Penrose Hallowell was born in Philadelphia April 13, 1839. He inherited the tradition of the Quakers and grew to manhood in a strong anti-slavery atmosphere. The home of his father, Morris L. Hallowell--the "House called Beautiful," in the phrase of Oliver Wendell Holmes--was a haven of rest and refreshment for wounded soldiers of the Union Army, and hither also, after the assault upon him in the Senate, Charles Sumner had come for succor and peace. Three brothers in one way or another served the cause of the Union, one of them, Edward N. Hallowell, succeeding Robert Gould Shaw in the Command of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. Norwood Penrose Hallowell himself, a natural leader of men, was Harvard class orator in 1861; twenty-five years later he was the marshal of his class; and in 1896 he delivered the Memorial Day address in Sanders Theater. Entering the Union Army with promptness in April, 1861, he served first in the New England Guards, then as First Lieutenant in the Twentieth Massachusetts, won a Captain's commission in November, and within the next year took part in numerous engagements, being wounded at Glendale and even more severely at Antietam. On April 17, 1863, he became Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts, and on May 30 Colonel of the newly organized Fifty-Fifth. Serving in the investment of Fort Wagner, he was one of the first to enter the fort after its evacuation. His wounds ultimately forced him to resign his commission, and in November, 1863, he retired from the service. He engaged in business in New York, but after a few years removed to Boston, where he became eminent for his public spirit. He was one of God's noblemen, and to the last he preserved his faith in the Negro whom he had been among the first to lead toward the full heritage of American citizenship. He died April 11, 1914.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE COMING OF NEGROES TO AMERICA 1. African Origins 2. The Negro in Spanish Exploration 3. Development of the Slave-Trade 4. Planting of Slavery in the Colonies 5. The Wake of the Slave-Ship
CHAPTER II
THE NEGRO IN THE COLONIES 1. Servitude and Slavery 2. The Indian, the Mulatto, and the Free Negro 3. First Effort toward Social Betterment 4. Early Insurrections
CHAPTER III
THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA 1. Sentiment in England and America 2. The Negro in the War 3. The Northwest Territory and the Constitution 4. Early Steps toward Abolition 5. Beginning of Racial Consciousness
CHAPTER IV
THE NEW WEST, THE SOUTH, AND THE WEST INDIES 1. The Cotton-Gin, the New Southwest, and the First Fugitive Slave Law 2. Toussaint L'Ouverture, Louisiana, and the Formal Closing of the Slave-Trade 3. Gabriel's Insurrection and the Rise of the Negro Problem
CHAPTER V
INDIAN AND NEGRO 1. Creek, Seminole, and Negro to 1817: The War of 1812 2. First Seminole War and the Treaties of Indian Spring and Fort Moultrie 3. From the Treaty of Fort Moultrie to the Treaty of Payne's Landing 4. Osceola and the Second Seminole War
CHAPTER VI
EARLY APPROACH TO THE NEGRO PROBLEM 1. The Ultimate Problem and the Missouri Compromise 2. Colonization 3. Slavery
CHAPTER VII
THE NEGRO REPLY--I: REVOLT 1. Denmark Vesey's Insurrection 2. Nat Turner's Insurrection 3. The Amistad and Creole Cases
CHAPTER VIII
THE NEGRO REPLY--II: ORGANIZATION AND AGITATION 1. Walker's "Appeal" 2. The Convention Movement 3. Sojourner Truth and Woman Suffrage
CHAPTER IX
LIBERIA 1. The Place and the People 2. History (a) Colonization and Settlement (b) The Commonwealth of Liberia (c) The Republic of Liberia 3. International Relations 4. Economic and Social Conditions
CHAPTER X
THE NEGRO A NATIONAL ISSUE 1. Current Tendencies 2. The Challenge of the Abolitionists 3. The Contest
CHAPTER XI
SOCIAL PROGRESS, 1820-1860
CHAPTER XII
THE CIVIL WAR AND EMANCIPATION
CHAPTER XIII
THE ERA OF ENFRANCHISEMENT 1. The Problem 2. Meeting the Problem 3. Reaction: The