A Social History of the American Negro

A Social History of the American
Negro

The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Social History of the American
Negro
by Benjamin Brawley This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at
no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
Title: A Social History of the American Negro Being a History of the
Negro Problem in the United States. Including A History And Study Of
The Republic Of Liberia
Author: Benjamin Brawley
Release Date: April 21, 2004 [EBook #12101]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE
AMERICAN NEGRO ***

Produced by Suzanne Shell, Leonard D Johnson and PG Distributed
Proofreaders

A SOCIAL HISTORY OF THE American Negro
BEING A HISTORY OF THE NEGRO PROBLEM IN THE UNITED
STATES
INCLUDING A HISTORY AND STUDY OF THE REPUBLIC OF
LIBERIA
by BENJAMIN BRAWLEY 1921

TO THE MEMORY OF NORWOOD PENROSE HALLOWELL
PATRIOT 1839-1914
* * * * *
_These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having
seen them afar off_.
Norwood Penrose Hallowell was born in Philadelphia April 13, 1839.
He inherited the tradition of the Quakers and grew to manhood in a
strong anti-slavery atmosphere. The home of his father, Morris L.
Hallowell--the "House called Beautiful," in the phrase of Oliver
Wendell Holmes--was a haven of rest and refreshment for wounded
soldiers of the Union Army, and hither also, after the assault upon him
in the Senate, Charles Sumner had come for succor and peace. Three
brothers in one way or another served the cause of the Union, one of
them, Edward N. Hallowell, succeeding Robert Gould Shaw in the
Command of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers.
Norwood Penrose Hallowell himself, a natural leader of men, was
Harvard class orator in 1861; twenty-five years later he was the marshal
of his class; and in 1896 he delivered the Memorial Day address in
Sanders Theater. Entering the Union Army with promptness in April,
1861, he served first in the New England Guards, then as First
Lieutenant in the Twentieth Massachusetts, won a Captain's
commission in November, and within the next year took part in
numerous engagements, being wounded at Glendale and even more

severely at Antietam. On April 17, 1863, he became
Lieutenant-Colonel of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts, and on May 30
Colonel of the newly organized Fifty-Fifth. Serving in the investment
of Fort Wagner, he was one of the first to enter the fort after its
evacuation. His wounds ultimately forced him to resign his commission,
and in November, 1863, he retired from the service. He engaged in
business in New York, but after a few years removed to Boston, where
he became eminent for his public spirit. He was one of God's noblemen,
and to the last he preserved his faith in the Negro whom he had been
among the first to lead toward the full heritage of American citizenship.
He died April 11, 1914.

CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
THE COMING OF NEGROES TO AMERICA 1. African Origins 2.
The Negro in Spanish Exploration 3. Development of the Slave-Trade
4. Planting of Slavery in the Colonies 5. The Wake of the Slave-Ship
CHAPTER II
THE NEGRO IN THE COLONIES 1. Servitude and Slavery 2. The
Indian, the Mulatto, and the Free Negro 3. First Effort toward Social
Betterment 4. Early Insurrections
CHAPTER III
THE REVOLUTIONARY ERA 1. Sentiment in England and America
2. The Negro in the War 3. The Northwest Territory and the
Constitution 4. Early Steps toward Abolition 5. Beginning of Racial
Consciousness
CHAPTER IV
THE NEW WEST, THE SOUTH, AND THE WEST INDIES 1. The

Cotton-Gin, the New Southwest, and the First Fugitive Slave Law 2.
Toussaint L'Ouverture, Louisiana, and the Formal Closing of the
Slave-Trade 3. Gabriel's Insurrection and the Rise of the Negro
Problem
CHAPTER V
INDIAN AND NEGRO 1. Creek, Seminole, and Negro to 1817: The
War of 1812 2. First Seminole War and the Treaties of Indian Spring
and Fort Moultrie 3. From the Treaty of Fort Moultrie to the Treaty of
Payne's Landing 4. Osceola and the Second Seminole War
CHAPTER VI
EARLY APPROACH TO THE NEGRO PROBLEM 1. The Ultimate
Problem and the Missouri Compromise 2. Colonization 3. Slavery
CHAPTER VII
THE NEGRO REPLY--I: REVOLT 1. Denmark Vesey's Insurrection 2.
Nat Turner's Insurrection 3. The Amistad and Creole Cases
CHAPTER VIII
THE NEGRO REPLY--II: ORGANIZATION AND AGITATION 1.
Walker's "Appeal" 2. The Convention Movement 3. Sojourner Truth
and Woman Suffrage
CHAPTER IX
LIBERIA 1. The Place and the People 2. History (a) Colonization and
Settlement (b) The Commonwealth of Liberia (c) The Republic of
Liberia 3. International Relations 4. Economic and Social Conditions
CHAPTER