A History of Trade Unionism in the United States

孆
A History of Trade Unionism in the United?by Selig Perlman

The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of Trade Unionism in the United
States, by Selig Perlman This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.net
Title: A History of Trade Unionism in the United States
Author: Selig Perlman
Release Date: December 25, 2004 [EBook #14458]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM ***

Produced by William Boerst, Martin Pettit and the PG Online Distributed Proofreading Team

Social Science Text-Books
EDITED BY RICHARD T. ELY

A HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM IN THE UNITED STATES
BY
SELIG PERLMAN, PH.D.
Assistant Professor of Economics in the University of Wisconsin; Co-author of the History of Labour in the United States
New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1922
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
1922
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
Set up and electrotyped. October, 1922.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE
The present History of Trade Unionism in the United States is in part a summary of work in labor history by Professor John R. Commons and collaborators at the University of Wisconsin from 1904 to 1918, and in part an attempt by the author to carry the work further.
Part I of the
present book is based on the History of Labour in the United States by Commons and Associates (Introduction: John R. Commons; Colonial and Federal Beginnings, to 1827: David J. Saposs; Citizenship, 1827-1833: Helen L. Summer; Trade Unionism, 1833-1839: Edward B. Mittelman; Humanitarianism, 1840-1860: Henry E. Hoagland; Nationalization, 1860-1877: John B. Andrews; and Upheaval and Reorganization, 1876-1896: by the present author), published by the Macmillan Company in 1918 in two volumes.

Part II, "The Larger Career of Unionism," brings the story from 1897
down to date; and
Part III, "Conclusions and Inferences," is an attempt
to bring together several of the general ideas suggested by the History.
Chapter 12
, entitled "An Economic Interpretation," follows the line of analysis laid down by Professor Commons in his study of the American shoemakers, 1648-1895.[1]
The author wishes to express his strong gratitude to Professors Richard T. Ely and John R. Commons for their kind aid at every stage of this work. He also wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Mr. Edwin E. Witte, Director of the Wisconsin State Legislative Reference Library, upon whose extensive and still unpublished researches he based his summary of the history of the injunction; and to Professor Frederick L. Paxson, who subjected the manuscript to criticism from the point of view of General American History.
S.P.
FOOTNOTE:
[1] See his Labor and Administration, Chapter XIV (Macmillan, 1913).

CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE v

PART I. THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL

CHAPTER
1
LABOR MOVEMENTS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
(1) Early Beginnings, to 1827 8 (2) Equal Citizenship, 1827-1832 9 (3) The Period of the "Wild-Cat" Prosperity, 1833-1837 18 (4) The Long Depression, 1837-1862 29
2 THE "GREENBACK" PERIOD, 1862-1879 42
3 THE BEGINNING OF THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR AND OF THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR 68
4 REVIVAL AND UPHEAVAL, 1879-1887 81
5 THE VICTORY OF CRAFT UNIONISM AND THE FINAL FAILURE OF PRODUCERS' COOPERATION 106
6 STABILIZATION, 1888-1897 130
7 TRADE UNIONISM AND THE COURTS 146

PART II. THE LARGER CAREER OF UNIONISM
8 PARTIAL RECOGNITION AND NEW DIFFICULTIES, 1898-1914 163
(1) The Miners 167 (2) The Railway Men 180 (3) The Machinery and Metal Trades 186 (4) The Employers' Reaction 190 (5) Legislation, Courts, and Politics 198
9 RADICAL UNIONISM AND A "COUNTER-REFORMATION" 208
10 THE WAR-TIME BALANCE SHEET 226
11 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 245

PART III. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES
12 AN ECONOMIC INTERPRETATION 265
13 THE IDEALISTIC FACTOR 279
14 WHY THERE IS NOT AN AMERICAN LABOR PARTY 285
15 THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT AND TRADE UNIONISM 295
BIBLIOGRAPHY 307


PART I
THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL
HISTORY OF TRADE UNIONISM IN THE U.S.
CHAPTER 1
LABOR MOVEMENTS BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR
(1) Early Beginnings, to 1827
The customary chronology records the first American labor strike in 1741. In that year the New York bakers went out on strike. A closer analysis discloses, however, that this outbreak was a protest of master bakers against a municipal regulation of the price of bread, not a wage earners' strike against employers. The earliest genuine labor strike in America occurred, as far as known, in 1786, when the Philadelphia printers "turned out" for a minimum wage of six dollars a week. The second strike on record was in 1791 by Philadelphia house carpenters for the ten-hour day. The Baltimore sailors were successful in advancing their wages through strikes in the years 1795, 1805, and 1807, but their endeavors were recurrent, not permanent. Even more ephemeral were several riotous sailors' strikes as well as a ship builders' strike in 1817 at Medford, Massachusetts. Doubtless many other such outbreaks occurred during the period to 1820, but left no record of their existence.
A strike undoubtedly is a symptom of discontent. However, one can hardly speak of a beginning of trade unionism until such