A History of Roman Literature | Page 2

and jurisprudence.

CHAPTER III.
_The Introduction of Greek Literature--Livius and Naevius_ (240-204 B.C.).
Introduction of Greek literature to Rome--Its first translators--Livius Andronicus--His translation of the Odyssey, Tragedies, &c.--Cn. Naevius--Inventor of _Praetextae_--Style--A politician--Writer of the first national epic poem--His exile and death--Cicero's opinion of him-- His epitaph.

CHAPTER IV.
_Roman Comedy--Plautus to Turpilius_ (254-103 B.C.).
The Roman theatre--Plan of construction--Comedy--Related to Athenian Middle and New Comedy--Plautus--His plays--Their plots and style-- Palliatae and _Togatae_--His metres--Caecilius--Admires Terence-- Terence--His intimate friends--His style--Use of _contamination_--Lesser comedians.

CHAPTER V.
_Roman Tragedy: Ennius--Accius_ (233-94 B.C.).
Contrast between Greek and Roman tragedy--Oratorical form of Latin tragedy--Ennius--The father of Roman poetry--His _humamitas_--Relations with Scipio--A follower of Pythagoras--His tragedies--Pacuvius--Painter and tragedian--Cicero's criticism of his _Niptra_--His epitaph--L. Accius --The last tragic writer--A reformer of spelling.
APPENDIX.--On some fragments of Sueius or Suevius.

CHAPTER VI.
_Epic Poetry: Ennius--Furius_ (200-100 B.C.).
Naevius and Ennius--Olympic deities and heroes of Roman story--Hexameter of Ennius--Its treatment--Matius--Hostius--Furius.

CHAPTER VII.
_The Early History of Satire: Ennius to Lucilius_ (200-103 B.C.).
Roman satire a native growth--Origin of word "_Saturae_"--It is didactic--Not necessarily poetical in form--Ennius--Pacuvius--Lucilius-- The objects of his attack--His popularity--His humility--His style and language.

CHAPTER VIII.
_The Minor Departments of Poetry--The Atellanae (Pomponius and Novius, circ. 90 B.C.) and the Epigram (Ennius--Callus, 100 B. C.)._
_Atellanae_--Oscan in origin--Novius--Pomponius--Mummius--Epigrammatists-- Catulus--Porcius Licinius--Pompilius--Valerius Aedituus.

CHAPTER IX.
_Prose Literature--History. Fabius Pictor--Macer_ (210-80 B.C.).
Early records--_Annales, Libri Lintei, Commentarii_, &c.--Narrow view of history--Fabius--Cincius Alimentus--Cato--Creator of Latin prose--His orations--His _Origines_--His treatise on agriculture--His miscellaneous writings--_Catonis dicta_--Calpurnius Piso--Sempronius Asellio--Claudius Quadrigarius Valerius Antias--Licinius Macer.
APPENDIX.--On the Annales Pontificum.

CHAPTER X.
_The History of Oratory before Cicero._
Comparison of English, Greek, and Roman oratory--Appius—Cornelius Cethegus--Cato--Laelius--The younger Scipio--Galba--Carbo--The Gracchi-- Self-praise of ancient orators--Aemilius Scaurus--Rutilius--Catulus--A violent death often the fate of a Roman orator--M. Antonius--Crassus--The Roman law-courts--Bribery and corruption prevalent in them--Feelings and prejudices appealed to--Cotta and Sulpicius--Carbo the younger-- Hortensius--His friendship for Cicero--Asiatic and Attic styles.

CHAPTER XI.
_Other kinds of Prose Literature: Grammar, Rhetoric, and Philosophy_ (147-63 B.C.).
Legal writers--P. Mucius Scaevola--Q. Mucius Scaevola--Rhetoric-- Plotius Gallus--Cornificius--Grammatical science--Aelius Stilo-- Philosophy--Amafinius--Rabirius--Relation of philosophy to religion.
BOOK II.
THE GOLDEN AGE. FROM THE CONSULSHIP OF CICERO TO THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS (63 B.C.-l4 A.D.).

PART I.
THE REPUBLICAN PERIOD.

CHAPTER I.
_Varro._
The two Divisions of this culminating period--Classical authors--Varro --His life, his character, his encyclopaedic mind--His _Menippean Satires_--_Logistorici_-_Antiquities Divine and Human_--_Imagines_--_De Lingua Latina_--De Re Rustica.
APPENDIX.--Note I. The Menippean Satires of Varro, " II. The Logistorici, " III. Fragments of Atacinus, " IV. The Jurists, Critics, and Grammarians of less note.

CHAPTER II.
_Oratory and Philosophy--Cicero_ (106-43 B.C.).
Cicero--His life--_Pro Roscio_--_In Verrem_--_Pro Cluentio_--_Pro lege Manilia_--_Pro Rabirio_--Cicero and Clodius--His exile--_Pro Milone_--His _Philippics_--Criticism of his oratory--Analysis of _Pro Milone_--His Philosophy, moral and political--On the existence of God and the human soul--List of his philosophical works--His rhetorical works--His letters-- His contemporaries and successors.
APPENDIX.--Poetry of M. and Q. Cicero.

CHAPTER III.
_Historical and Biographical Composition--Caesar--Nepos--Sallust._
Roman view of history--Caesar's _Commentaries_--Trustworthiness of his statements--His style--A. Hirtius--Other writers of commentaries--Caesar's oratorical and scientific position--Cornelius Nepos--C. Sallustius Crispus--Tubero.
APPENDIX.--On the Acta Diurna and Acta Senatus.

CHAPTER IV.
_The History of Poetry to the Close of the Republic--Rise of Alexandrinism--Lucretius---Catullus._
The Drama--J. Caesar Strabo--The _Mimae_--D. Laberius--Publilius Syrus--Matius--Pantomimi--Actors--The poetry of Cicero and Caesar-- Alexandria and its writers--Aratus--Callimachus--Apollonius Rhodius-- Euphorion--Lucretius--His philosophical opinions and style--Bibaculus-- Varro Atacinus--Calvus--Catullus--Lesbia.
APPENDIX.--Note I. On the Use of Alliteration in Latin Poetry, " II. Some additional details on the History of the Mimus, " III. Fragments of Valerius Soranus.

PART II.
THE AUGUSTAN EPOCH (42 B.C.-l4 A.D.).

CHAPTER I.
_General Characteristics._
Common features of the Augustan authors--Augustus's relation to them --Maecenas--The Apotheosis of the emperor--Rhetoricians not orators-- Historians--Jurists--Poets--Messala--Varius--Anser--Macer.

CHAPTER II.
Virgil (70-19 B.C.)
Virgil--His earliest verses--His life and character--The minor poems --The _Eclogues_--The _Georgics_--Virgil's love of Nature--His aptitude for epic poetry--The scope of the _Aeneid_--The Aeneid a religious poem --Its relation to preceding poetry.
APPENDIX.--Note I. Imitations of Virgil in Propertius, Ovid, and Manilius, " II. On the shortening of final o in Latin poetry, " III. On parallelism in Virgil's poetry, " IV. On the Legends connected with Virgil.

CHAPTER III.
Horace (65-8 B.C.).
Horace--His life--The dates of his works--Two aspects: a lyric poet and a man of the world--His Odes and _Epodes_--His patriotic odes--Excellences of the odes--The Satires and _Epistles_--Horace as a moralist--The _Ars Poetica_--Horace's literary criticism--Lesser poets.

CHAPTER IV.
_The Elegiac Poets--Gratius--Manilius._
Roman elegy--Cornelius Callus--Domitius Marsus--Tibullus--Propertius-- Ovid--His life--_The Art of Love_--His exile--Doubtful and spurious poems --Lesser erotic and epic poets--Gratius--Manilius.

CHAPTER V.
_Prose Writers of the Augustan Age._
Oratory Neglected--Declamation takes its place--Porcius Latro--Annaeus Seneca--History--Livy--Opportune appearance of his work--Criticism of his method--Pompeius Trogus--Vitruvius--Grammarians--Fenestella--Verrius Flaccus--Hyginus--Law and philosophy.
APPENDIX.--Note I. A Suasoria translated from Seneca, " II. Some Observations on the Theory of Rhetoric, from Quintilian, Book III.
BOOK III.
THE DECLINE. FROM THE ACCESSION OF TIBERIUS TO THE DEATH OF M. AURELIUS, A.D. 14-180.

CHAPTER I.
The Age of Tiberius (14-37 A.D.).
Sudden collapse of letters--Cause of this--Tiberius--Changed position of literature--Vellius Paterculus--Valerius Maximus--Celsus--Remmius Palaemon--Germanicus--Phaedrus--Pomponius Secundus the tragedian.

CHAPTER II.
_The Reigns of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero_ (37-68 A.D.).
1. _Poets._
The Neronian period an epoch--Peculiar characteristics of its writers --Literary pretensions of Caligula--of Claudius--of Nero--Poem on Calpurnius Piso--Relation of philosophy to life--Cornutus--Persius--Lucan --Criticism of the _Pharsalia_--Eclogues of Calpurnius--The poem on Etna-- Tragedies of Seneca--The apokolokuntosis.

CHAPTER III.
_The Reigns of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero._
2. _Prose Writers--Seneca._
His importance--Life and writings--Influence of his