A History of China | Page 2

Turkestan and Korea. Summit of power 177 4 The reign of the empress Wu: Buddhism and capitalism 179 5 Second blossoming of T'ang culture 182 6 Revolt of a military governor 184 7 The role of the Uighurs. Confiscation of the capital of the monasteries 186 8 First successful peasant revolt. Collapse of the empire 189
MODERN TIMES
Chapter IX
: THE EPOCH OF THE SECOND DIVISION OF CHINA
(A) The period of the Five Dynasties (906-960)
1 Beginning of a new epoch 195 2 Political situation in the tenth century 199 3 Monopolistic trade in South China. Printing and paper money in the north 200 4 Political history of the Five Dynasties 202
(B) Period of Moderate Absolutism
(1) The Northern Sung dynasty
1 Southward expansion 208 2 Administration and army. Inflation 210 3 Reforms and Welfare schemes 215 4 Cultural situation (philosophy, religion, literature, painting) 217 5 Military collapse 221
(2) The Liao (Kitan) dynasty in the north (937-1125)
1 Sociological structure. Claim to the Chinese imperial throne 222 2 The State of the Kara-Kitai 223
(3) The Hsi-Hsia State in the north (1038-1227)
1 Continuation of Turkish traditions 224
(4) The empire of the Southern Sung dynasty (1127-1279)
1 Foundation 225 2 Internal situation 226 3 Cultural situation; reasons for the collapse 227
(5) The empire of the Juchên in the north (1115-1234)
1 Rapid expansion from northern Korea to the Yangtze 229 2 United front of all Chinese 229 3 Start of the Mongol empire 230
Chapter X
: THE PERIOD OF ABSOLUTISM
(A) The Mongol Epoch (1280-1368)
1 Beginning of new foreign rules 232 2 "Nationality legislation" 233 3 Military position 234 4 Social situation 235 5 Popular risings: National rising 238 6 Cultural 241
(B) The Ming Epoch (1368-1644)
1 Start. National feeling 243 2 Wars against Mongols and Japanese 244 3 Social legislation within the existing order 246 4 Colonization and agricultural developments 248 5 Commercial and industrial developments 250 6 Growth of the small gentry 252 7 Literature, art, crafts 253 8 Politics at court 256 9 Navy. Southward expansion 258 10 Struggles between cliques 259 11 Risings 262 12 Machiavellism 263 13 Foreign relations in the sixteenth century 264 14 External and internal perils 266
(C) The Manchu Dynasty (1644-1911)
1 Installation of the Manchus 270 2 Decline in the eighteenth century 272 3 Expansion in Central Asia; the first State treaty 277 4 Culture 279 5 Relations with the outer world 282 6 Decline; revolts 284 7 European Imperialism in the Far East 285 8 Risings in Turkestan and within China: the T'ai P'ing Rebellion 288 9 Collision with Japan; further Capitulations 294 10 Russia in Manchuria 296 11 Reform and reaction: The Boxer Rising 296 12 End of the dynasty 299
Chapter XI
: THE REPUBLIC (1912-1948)
1 Social and intellectual position 303 2 First period of the Republic: The warlords 309 3 Second period of the Republic: Nationalist China 314 4 The Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945) 317
Chapter XII
: PRESENT-DAY CHINA
1 The growth of communism 320 2 Nationalist China in Taiwan 323 3 Communist China 327
Notes and References 335
Index 355

ILLUSTRATIONS
1 Painted pottery from Kansu: Neolithic. Facing page 48 In the collection of the Museum für V?lkerkunde, Berlin.
2 Ancient bronze tripod found at Anyang. 49 _From G.?Ecke: Frühe chinesische Bronzen aus der Sammlung Oskar Trautmann, Peking 1939 plate 3._
3 Bronze plaque representing two horses fighting each other. Ordos region, animal style. 64 _From V.?Griessmaier: Sammlung Baron Eduard von der Heydt, Vienna 1936, illustration No. 6._
4 Hunting scene: detail from the reliefs in the tombs at Wu-liang-tz'u. 64 From a print in the author's possession.
5 Part of the "Great Wall". 65 Photo Eberhard.
6 Sun Ch'üan, ruler of Wu. 144 From a painting by Yen Li-pen (c. 640-680).
7 General view of the Buddhist cave-temples of Yün-kang. In the foreground, the present village; in the background the rampart. 145 Photo H.?Hammer-Morrisson.
8 Detail from the Buddhist cave-reliefs of Lungmen. 160 From a print in the author's possession.
9 Statue of Mi-lo (Maitreya, the next future Buddha), in the "Great Buddha Temple" at Chengting (Hopei). 161 Photo H.?Hammer-Morrisson.
10 Ladies of the Court: Clay models which accompanied the dead person to the grave. T'ang period. 208 In the collection of the Museum für V?lkerkunde, Berlin.
11 Distinguished founder: a temple banner found at Khotcho, Turkestan. 209 _Museum für V?lkerkunde, Berlin. No. 1B 4524, illustration B 408._
12 Ancient tiled pagoda at Chengting (Hopei). 224 Photo H.?Hammer-Morrisson.
13 Horse-training. Painting by Li Lung-mien. Late Sung period. 225 Manchu Royal House Collection.
14 Aborigines of South China, of the "Black Miao" tribe, at a festival. China-ink drawing of the eighteenth century. 272 _Collection of the Museum für V?lkerkunde, Berlin. No. 1D 8756, 68._
15 Pavilion on the "Coal Hill" at Peking, in which the last Ming emperor committed suicide. 273 Photo Eberhard.
16 The imperial summer palace of the Manchu rulers, at Jehol. 288 Photo H.?Hammer-Morrisson.
17 Tower on the city wall of Peking. 289 Photo H.?Hammer-Morrisson.

MAPS
1 Regions of the principal local cultures in