A Complete Grammar of Esperanto | Page 3

Demonstrative Adverb of Quantity.--Result Clauses.--"En la Butiko". XXIV. The Interrogative Pronoun.--The Present Active Participle.--Compound Tenses.--The Progressive Present Tense.--The Suffix "-Ej-".--"En Nia Domo". XXV. The Interrogative Adjective.--The Imperfect Tense.-- Salutations and Exclamations.--Word Formation.--"Koni" and "Scii".--"La Nepo Vizitas la Avinon". XXVI. The Interrogative Adverb of Place.--The Past Active Participle.--Adverb Derivation from Prepositions.--Adverbs Expressing Direction of Motion.--The Suffix "-Eg-".--"La Pluvego". XXVII. The Interrogative Temporal Adverb.--The Perfect Tense.--The Preposition "Cxe".--The Suffix "-Ar-".--"Tempo" and "Fojo".-- The Orthography of Proper Names.--"Roberto Bruce kaj la Araneo". XXVIII. The Interrogative Adverb of Motive or Reason.-- The Infinitive as Subject.--Present Action with Past Inception.--The Suffix "-Ul-".--"Logxi" and "Vivi".--"Pri la Avo kaj la Avino". XXIX. The Interrogative Adverb of Manner and Degree.--The Pluperfect Tense.--Cardinal Numbers.--The Accusative of Measure.--"Nia Familio". XXX. The Interrogative Adverb of Quantity.--Modifiers of Impersonally Used Verbs.--Formation of Cardinal Numerals.--The Suffix "-An-".--"Leciono Pri Aritmetiko". XXXI. The Relative Pronoun.--The Future Perfect Tense.--Ordinal Numerals.--"Alfredo Granda kaj la Libro". XXXII. "Kia" as a Relative Adjective.--"Kie" as a Relative Adverb.--The Future Active Participle.--The Periphrastic Future Tenses.--The Suffix "-Ind-".--"Alfredo Granda kaj la Kukoj". XXXIII. "Kiam" as a Relative Adverb.--"Kiel" as a Relative Adverb.--Numeral Nouns and Adverbs.--Word Derivation from Prepositions.--"La Invito". XXXIV. Prepositions as Prefixes.--The Suffix "-Ebl-".--Expression of the Highest Degree Possible.--Titles and Terms of Address.--"Cxe la Festo". XXXV. "Kiom" as a Relative Adverb.--The Present Passive Participle.--Fractions.--Descriptive Compounds.--"La Hxinoj". XXXVI. The Present Passive Tense.--The Use of "De" to Express Agency.--The General Meaning of "De".--Word Derivation from Primary Adverbs.--The Suffix "-Ist-".--"Antikva Respubliko". XXXVII. The Distributive Pronoun.--The Preposition "Po".-- Dependent Compounds.--"La Cxapelo sur la Stango". XXXVIII. The Distributive Adjective.--The Imperfect Passive Tense.-- Compound Tenses of Impersonal Verbs.--Reciprocal Expressions.--The Suffix "-Uj-".--"Vilhelmo Tell kaj la Pomo". XXXIX. The Distributive Adverb of Place.--The Future Passive Tense.--Possessive Compounds.--The Time of Day.--The Suffix "-Obl-".--"En la Stacidomo". XL. The Distributive Temporal Adverb.--The Distributive Adverb "Cxial".--The Past Passive Participle.--The Perfect Passive Tense.--The Preposition "Laux".--The Suffix "-Em-".--"La Perdita Infano". XLI. The Distributive Adverb "Cxiel".--The Distributive Adverb "Cxiom".--The Pluperfect Passive Tense.--The Future Perfect Passive Tense.--The Expression of Material.--The Suffix "-Et-".--"La Donaco". XLII. The Future Passive Participle.--The Passive Periphrastic Future Tenses.--The Generic Article.--The Suffix "-Ec-".--"Sur la Vaporsxipo". XLIII. The Indefinite Pronoun.--Participial Nouns.--The Prefix "Ek-".--The Suffix "-Id-".--"La Nesto sur la Tendo". XLIV. The Indefinite Adjective.--The Indefinite Adverb of Place.-- Predicate Nominatives.--"La Cxevalo kaj la Sonorilo". XLV. The Indefinite Temporal Adverb.--The Indefinite Adverb "Ial".--Causative Verbs.--Emphasis by Means of "Ja".-- "Cxe la Malnova Ponto". XLVI. The Indefinite Adverb "Iel".--The Indefinite Adverb "Iom".-- The Suffix "-Ad-".--The Use of "Mem".--"Arhximedo kaj la Kronoj". XLVII. The Negative Pronoun.--The Adverbial Participle.--The Prefix "Re-".--"La Filozofo Arhximedo". XLVIII. The Negative Adjective.--The Negative Adverb of Place.--The Negative Temporal Adverb.--The Suffix "-Ajx-".--The Adverb "Jen".--"Du Artkonkursoj". XLIX. The Negative Adverbs "Nenial", "Neniel", "Neniom".--The Suffix "-Igx-".--"La Krepusko". L. The Pronouns ending in "-O".--Correlative Words.--The Use of "Ajn".--The Suffix "-Ing-".--"La Gordia Ligajxo". LI. The Pronoun "Ambaux".--Formations with "-Ig-" and "-Igx-".-- Factual Conditions.--"La Monahxoj kaj la Azeno". LII. The Conditional Mood.--Compound Tenses of the Conditional Mood.--Less Vivid Conditions.--Independent Use of the Conditional Mood.--The Prefix "Dis-".--"Pri la Gravitado". LIII. Conditions Contrary to Fact.--The Verb "Devi".--The Preposition "Sen".--"La Filozofo Sokrato". LIV. Summary of Conditions.--Clauses of Imaginative Comparison.--The Use of "Al" to Express Reference.--The Suffix "-Estr-".--"La Ostracismo de Aristejdo". LV. The Imperative Mood.--Resolve and Exhortation.--Commands and Prohibitions.--Less Peremptory Uses of the Imperative.--The Use of "Mosxto".--"La Glavo de Damoklo". LVI. The Imperative in Subordinate Clauses.--The Preposition "Je".--The Suffix "-Op-".--"La Marsxado de la Dekmil Grekoj". LVII. Clauses Expressing Purpose.--Further Uses of the Accusative.--Synopsis of the Conjugation of the Verb.--The Suffix "-Um-".--"La Reirado de la Dekmilo". LVIII. Permission and Possibility.--The Prefix "Ge-".--The Suffix "-Acx-".--Interjections.--"Aleksandro Granda". LIX. The Position of Unemphatic Pronouns.--Some Intransitive Verbs.--The Suffix "-Er-".--The Prefixes "Bo-" and "Duon-".--Correspondence.--"Kelkaj Leteroj". LX. Some Transitive Verbs.--Elision.--The Prefix "Eks-".--The Prefix "Pra-".--The Suffixes "-Cxj-" and "-Nj-".--Weights and Measures.--The International Money System.--Abbreviations.-- "Pri La Kamero".
ESPERANTO-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
ENGLISH-ESPERANTO VOCABULARY.
INDEX.
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A COMPLETE GRAMMAR OF ESPERANTO.
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LESSON I.
ALPHABET.
1. The Esperanto alphabet contains the following letters: a, b, c, cx, d, e, f, g, gx, h, hx, i, j, jx, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, sx, t, u, ux, v, z.
VOWELS.
2. The vowels of the alphabet are pronounced as follows:
"a" as in "far".
"e" as in "fiance", like "a" in "fate".
[Footnote: This "long a" sound in English frequently ends with a vanish,--a brief terminal sound of "short i" which makes the vowel slightly diphthongal, as in "day", "aye". Such a vanish must not be given to any of the Esperanto vowels.]
"i" as in "machine".
"o" as in "toll", "for".
"u" as in "rude", "rural".
CONSONANTS.
3. The consonants "b", "d", "f", "h", "k", "l", "m", "n", "p", "t", "v", "z", are pronounced as in English, and the remaining eleven as follows:
"c" like "ts" in "hats", "tsetse".
"cx" like "ch" in "chin", "much".
"g" like "g" in "go", "big".
"gx" like "g" in "gem", "j" in "jar".
"hx" is produced by expelling the breath forcibly, with the throat only partially open.
[Footnote: As in pronouncing German and Scotch "ch",