A Complete Grammar of Esperanto | Page 6

kolombo = dove. arbo = tree. kusxas = lies, is lying, lie. cxambro = room.
longa = long. domo = house. rozo = rose. en = in. rugxa = red. estas = is, are. segxo =
chair. folio = leaf. sidas = sits, sit, is sitting. fresxa = fresh. sur = on. gxardeno = garden.
sxajnas = seems, seem. kampo = field. verda = green.
READING LESSON.
1. La alta viro estas en la gxardeno. 2. Blanka cxevalo estas en la kampo. 3. Belaj birdoj
sidas sur la verda arbo. 4. La bonaj knaboj estas en la domo. 5. La cxambroj en la bela
domo estas grandaj. 6. Fresxaj floroj kusxas sur la tablo. 7. La violoj en la kampo estas
belaj. 8. La luno kaj la suno sxajnas grandaj. 9. La kolomboj estas belaj birdoj. 10. La
knaboj sxajnas fortaj. 11. Rugxaj pomoj estas sur la tablo en la cxambro. 12. La fortaj
viroj sidas sur segxoj en la longa cxambro. 13. La arboj estas altaj kaj verdaj. 14. La
kolomboj sur la arboj kantas. 15. Fortaj cxevaloj marsxas kaj kuras en la verdaj kampoj.
16. La knaboj dormas en la granda domo. 17. Rugxaj, flavaj, kaj verdaj folioj estas en la
gxardeno. 18. Longa tablo estas en la domo. 19. Belaj birdoj flugas kaj kantas en la
kampo. 20. Fresxaj rozoj sxajnas belaj. 21. La folioj estas verdaj kaj rugxaj.
SENTENCES FOR TRANSLATION.
1. The trees in the garden are tall and green. 2. The rooms in the house are long. 3. The
flowers on the table are red, yellow and white. 4. The leaves are long and green. 5. The
men are-sitting (sit) on chairs in the garden. 6. In the garden are yellow roses. 7. The
birds in the field are doves. 8. The boys in the room in the house seem tall. 9. Fresh
violets are beautiful flowers. 10. The horses in the green fields seem strong. 11. Doves
are-singing (sing) in the garden. 12. The men in the large house sleep. 13. The house is
long and high, and the rooms in the house are large. 14. Red and yellow apples lie on the
big table. 15. Green leaves are on the trees in the large garden.

LESSON IV.
TRANSITIVE VERBS.
22. The verbs so far given have been "intransitive verbs", expressing a state or an action
limited to the subject, and not immediately affecting any other person or thing, as "la
knabo kuras", the boy runs. On the other hand a "transitive verb" expresses an act of the
subject upon some person or thing; as, "la knabo trovas -- --", the boy finds -- --.
THE ACCUSATIVE CASE.
23. The person or thing acted upon is called the "direct object" of a transitive verb, and is
given the ending "-n". This is called the accusative ending; and the word to which it is
attached is said to be in the "accusative case":
La viro havas segxon, the man has a chair. La knabo trovas florojn, the boy finds flowers.
[Footnote: The ending "-n" follows the ending "-j", if the word to be put in the accusative
case is in the plural number.]

24. An attributive adjective modifying a noun in the accusative case is made to agree in
case, by addition of the same accusative ending "-n". This prevents any doubt as to which
of two or more nouns in a sentence is modified by the adjective, and permits of variation
in the order of the words:
La knabo trovas belan floron, the boy finds a beautiful flower. Florojn belajn la viro
havas, the man has beautiful flowers. La viro havas grandan segxon, the man has a large
chair. Rugxan rozon la knabo havas, the boy has a red rose.
25. A predicate adjective or noun (19) is never in the accusative case, nor is the
accusative ending ever attached to the article, which is invariable as stated in 18.
THE CONJUNCTION "KAJ".
26. In the expression "both ... and ...", the conjunction "kaj" is used for both words, being
merely repeated:
La viro kaj marsxas kaj kuras, the man both walks and runs. La cxevalo estas kaj granda
kaj forta, the horse is both large and strong. La knabo havas kaj rozojn kaj violojn, the
boy has both roses and violets. Kaj la knabo kaj la viro estas altaj, both the boy and the
man are tall.
THE NEGATIVE "NE".
27. The negative word meaning "not" when forming part of a sentence, and "no" when
used as an answer to a question, is "ne". When used as a sentence-negative, it usually
immediately precedes the verb. For emphatic negation of some other word than the verb,
"ne" may precede that word:
Violoj ne estas rugxaj, violets are not red. La viroj ne sidas