A Book of Exposition | Page 6

of the second order. Suppose we push the side of the
chisel--which is 10 inches long--under the lid to the extent of 1 inch,
then the advantage we gain in power is as 1 to 10; we thereby increase

our strength tenfold. If we push the chisel under the lid for half its
length, then our advantage stands as 10 to 5; our strength is only
doubled. If we push it still further for two-thirds of its length, then our
gain in strength is only as 10 to 6.6; our power is increased by only
one-third. Now this has an important bearing on the problem we are
going to investigate, for the weight of our body falls on the foot, so that
only about one-third of the lever--that part of it which is formed by the
heel--projects behind the point on which the weight of the body rests.
The strength of the muscles which act on the heel will be increased
only by about one-third.
We have already seen that a double engine, made up of the
gastrocnemius and soleus, is the power which is applied to the heel
when we walk, and that the pad of the foot, lying across the sole in line
with the ball of the great toe, serves as a fulcrum or rest. The weight of
the body falls on the foot between the fulcrum in front and the power
behind, as in a lever of the second order. We have explained why the
power of the muscles of the calf is increased the more the weight of the
body is shifted towards the toes, but it is also evident that the speed and
the extent to which the body is lifted are diminished. If, however, the
weight be shifted more towards the heel, the muscles of the calf,
although losing in power, can lift their load more quickly and to a
greater extent.
We must look closely at the foot lever if we are to understand it. It is
arched or bent; the front pillar of the arch stretches from the summit or
keystone, where the weight of the body is poised, to the pad of the foot
or fulcrum (Fig. 6); the posterior pillar, projecting as the heel, extends
from the summit to the point at which the muscular power is applied. A
foot with a short anterior pillar and a long posterior pillar or heel is one
designed for power, not speed. It is one which will serve a hill-climber
well or a heavy, corpulent man. The opposite kind, one with a short
heel and a long pillar in front, is well adapted for running and
sprinting--for speed. Now, we do find among the various races of
mankind that some have been given long heels, such as the
dark-skinned natives of Africa and of Australia, while other races have
been given relatively short, stumpy heels, of which sort the natives of

Europe and of China may be cited as examples. With long heels less
powerful muscular engines are required, and hence in dark races the
calf of the leg is but ill developed, because the muscles which move the
heel are small. We must admit, however, that the gait of dark-skinned
races is usually easy and graceful. We Europeans, on the other hand,
having short heels, need more powerful muscles to move them, and
hence our calves are usually well developed, but our gait is apt to be
jerky.
[Illustration: Fig. 6.--The bones forming the arch of the foot, seen from
the inner side.]
If we had the power to make our heels longer or shorter at will, we
should be able, as is the case in a motor cycle, to alter our "speed-gear"
according to the needs of the road. With a steep hill in front of us, we
should adopt a long, slow, powerful heel; while going down an incline
a short one would best suit our needs. With its four-change speed-gear
a motor cycle seems better adapted for easy and economical travelling
than the human machine. If, however, the human machine has no
change of gear, it has one very marvellous mechanism--which we may
call a compensatory mechanism, for want of a short, easy name. The
more we walk, the more we go hill-climbing, the more powerful do the
muscular engines of the heel become. It is quite different with the
engine of a motor cycle; the more it is used, the more does it become
worn out. It is because a muscular engine is living that it can respond to
work by growing stronger and quicker.
I have no wish to extol the human machine unduly, nor to run down the
motor cycle because of certain defects. There is one defect, however,
which is inherent in all motor machines which